/************************************************************************
 *
 * C-Wrapper for GEOS library
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2010 2011 Sandro Santilli <strk@kbt.io>
 * Copyright (C) 2005 Refractions Research Inc.
 *
 * This is free software; you can redistribute and/or modify it under
 * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public Licence as published
 * by the Free Software Foundation.
 * See the COPYING file for more information.
 ***********************************************************************/

/**
* \file geos_c.h
* \brief C API for the GEOS geometry algorithms library.
* \tableofcontents
*
* The C API is the supported API for using GEOS in
* your application/library/etc.
* The C API is kept stable, and deprecated function signatures
* are kept available over a long time period to allow transition time.
* While the C++ API is available, it may change at any time, and the ABI
* may not be stable between versions.
*
* Important programming notes:
*
* - Call initGEOS() before using the library functions.
* - Call finishGEOS() when finished using the library.
* - To avoid memory leaks, call GEOSGeom_destroy() on
*   \ref GEOSGeometry objects, and call GEOSFree() on
*   returned `char *` strings and byte buffers (unless marked `const`).
* - Functions ending with `_r` are thread safe (reentrant);
*   see details in https://libgeos.org/development/rfcs/rfc03.
*   To avoid accidental use of non-reentrant functions,
*   define `GEOS_USE_ONLY_R_API` before including geos_c.h.
*
*/

#ifndef GEOS_C_H_INCLUDED
#define GEOS_C_H_INCLUDED

#ifndef __cplusplus
# include <stddef.h> /* for size_t definition */
#else
# include <cstddef>
using std::size_t;
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/* ====================================================================== */
/* Version */
/* ====================================================================== */

/** \cond */

#ifndef GEOS_VERSION_MAJOR
#define GEOS_VERSION_MAJOR 3
#endif
#ifndef GEOS_VERSION_MINOR
#define GEOS_VERSION_MINOR 13
#endif
#ifndef GEOS_VERSION_PATCH
#define GEOS_VERSION_PATCH 0dev
#endif
#ifndef GEOS_VERSION
#define GEOS_VERSION "3.13.0dev"
#endif
#ifndef GEOS_JTS_PORT
#define GEOS_JTS_PORT "1.18.0"
#endif

#define GEOS_CAPI_VERSION_MAJOR 1
#define GEOS_CAPI_VERSION_MINOR 18
#define GEOS_CAPI_VERSION_PATCH 0
#define GEOS_CAPI_VERSION "3.13.0dev-CAPI-1.18.0"

#define GEOS_CAPI_FIRST_INTERFACE GEOS_CAPI_VERSION_MAJOR
#define GEOS_CAPI_LAST_INTERFACE (GEOS_CAPI_VERSION_MAJOR+GEOS_CAPI_VERSION_MINOR)

/** \endcond */

#include <export.h>


/**
* Type returned by GEOS_init_r(), for use with the functions ending in `_r`
* (the reentrant API).
*
* Contexts must only be used from a single thread at a time.
*/
typedef struct GEOSContextHandle_HS *GEOSContextHandle_t;

/**
* Callback function for passing GEOS error messages to parent process.
*
* Set the \ref GEOSMessageHandler function for error and notice messages using
* \ref initGEOS or \ref initGEOS_r.
*
* \param fmt the message format template
*/
typedef void (*GEOSMessageHandler)(const char *fmt, ...);

/**
* A GEOS message handler function.
*
* \param message the message contents
* \param userdata the user data pointer that was passed to GEOS when
* registering this message handler.
*
* \see GEOSContext_setErrorMessageHandler
* \see GEOSContext_setNoticeMessageHandler
*/
typedef void (*GEOSMessageHandler_r)(const char *message, void *userdata);

/*
* When we're included by geos_c.cpp, these types are #defined to the
* C++ definitions via preprocessor. We don't touch them to allow the
* compiler to cross-check the declarations. However, for all "normal"
* C-API users, we need to define these types as "opaque" struct pointers, as
* those clients don't have access to the original C++ headers, by design.
*/
#ifndef GEOSGeometry

/**
* The generic type for a geometry. A geometry can be a Point, LineString, Polygon,
* MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon, or GeometryCollection.
* The geometry type can be read with \ref GEOSGeomTypeId. Most functions
* in GEOS have `GEOSGeometry *` as either a parameter or a return type.
* \see GEOSGeom_createPoint
* \see GEOSGeom_createLineString
* \see GEOSGeom_createPolygon
* \see GEOSGeom_createCollection
* \see GEOSGeom_destroy
*/
typedef struct GEOSGeom_t GEOSGeometry;

/**
* Prepared geometry type.
* \see GEOSPrepare()
* \see GEOSPreparedGeom_destroy()
*/
typedef struct GEOSPrepGeom_t GEOSPreparedGeometry;

/**
* Coordinate sequence type representing fixed-size lists of coordinates.
* Contains the list of vertices defining the location of a \ref GEOSGeometry.
* \see GEOSCoordSeq_create()
* \see GEOSCoordSeq_destroy()
*/
typedef struct GEOSCoordSeq_t GEOSCoordSequence;

/**
* STRTree index.
* \see GEOSSTRtree_create()
* \see GEOSSTRtree_destroy()
*/
typedef struct GEOSSTRtree_t GEOSSTRtree;

/**
* Parameter object for buffering.
* \see GEOSBufferParams_create()
* \see GEOSBufferParams_destroy()
*/
typedef struct GEOSBufParams_t GEOSBufferParams;

/**
* Parameter object for validity enforcement.
* \see GEOSMakeValidParams_create()
* \see GEOSMakeValidParams_destroy()
*/
typedef struct GEOSMakeValidParams_t GEOSMakeValidParams;

#endif

/** \cond */

/*
* These are compatibility definitions for source compatibility
* with GEOS 2.X clients relying on that type.
*/
typedef GEOSGeometry* GEOSGeom;
typedef GEOSCoordSequence* GEOSCoordSeq;

/** \endcond */

/**
* Geometry type number, used by functions returning or
* consuming geometry types.
*
* \see GEOSGeomType
* \see GEOSGeomTypeId
*/
enum GEOSGeomTypes {
    /** Point */
    GEOS_POINT,
    /** Linestring */
    GEOS_LINESTRING,
    /** Linear ring, used within polygons */
    GEOS_LINEARRING,
    /** Polygon */
    GEOS_POLYGON,
    /** Multipoint, a homogeneous collection of points */
    GEOS_MULTIPOINT,
    /** Multilinestring, a homogeneous collection of linestrings */
    GEOS_MULTILINESTRING,
    /** Multipolygon, a homogeneous collection of polygons */
    GEOS_MULTIPOLYGON,
    /** Geometry collection, a heterogeneous collection of geometry */
    GEOS_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
};

/**
* Well-known binary byte orders used when
* writing to WKB.
*
* \see GEOSWKBWriter_setByteOrder
*/
enum GEOSWKBByteOrders {
    /** Big Endian */
    GEOS_WKB_XDR = 0,
    /** Little Endian */
    GEOS_WKB_NDR = 1
};

/**
* Well-known binary flavors to use
* when writing to WKB. ISO flavour is
* more standard. Extended flavour supports
* 3D and SRID embedding. GEOS reads both
* transparently.
*
* \see GEOSWKBWriter_setFlavor
*/
enum GEOSWKBFlavors {
    /** Extended */
    GEOS_WKB_EXTENDED = 1,
    /** ISO */
    GEOS_WKB_ISO = 2
};

/**
* Callback function for use in spatial index search calls. Pass into
* the query function and handle query results as the index
* returns them.
*
* \see GEOSSTRtree_query
*/
typedef void (*GEOSQueryCallback)(void *item, void *userdata);

/**
* Callback function for use in spatial index nearest neighbor calculations.
* Allows custom distance to be calculated between items in the
* index. Is passed two items, and sets the calculated distance
* between the items into the distance pointer. Extra data for the
* calculation can be passed via the userdata.
*
* \param item1 first of the pair of items to calculate distance between
* \param item2 second of the pair of items to calculate distance between
* \param distance the distance between the items here
* \param userdata extra data for the calculation
*
* \return 1 if distance calculation succeeds, 0 otherwise
*
* \see GEOSSTRtree_nearest_generic
* \see GEOSSTRtree_iterate
*/
typedef int (*GEOSDistanceCallback)(
    const void* item1,
    const void* item2,
    double* distance,
    void* userdata);


/**
* Callback function for use in GEOSGeom_transformXY.
* Allows custom function to be applied to x and y values for each coordinate
* in a geometry.  Z values are unchanged by this function.
* Extra data for the calculation can be passed via the userdata.
*
* \param x coordinate value to be updated
* \param y coordinate value to be updated
* \param userdata extra data for the calculation
*
* \return 1 if calculation succeeded, 0 on failure
*/
typedef int (*GEOSTransformXYCallback)(
    double* x,
    double* y,
    void* userdata);


/* ========== Interruption ========== */

/**
* Callback function for use in interruption. The callback will be invoked _before_ checking for
* interruption, so can be used to request it.
*
* \see GEOS_interruptRegisterCallback
* \see GEOS_interruptRequest
* \see GEOS_interruptCancel
*/
typedef void (GEOSInterruptCallback)(void);

/**
* Register a function to be called when processing is interrupted.
* \param cb Callback function to invoke
* \return the previously configured callback
* \see GEOSInterruptCallback
* \since 3.4
*/
extern GEOSInterruptCallback GEOS_DLL *GEOS_interruptRegisterCallback(
    GEOSInterruptCallback* cb);

/**
* Request safe interruption of operations
* \since 3.4
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOS_interruptRequest(void);

/**
* Cancel a pending interruption request
* \since 3.4
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOS_interruptCancel(void);

/* ========== Initialization and Cleanup ========== */

/**
* Allocate and initialize a context. Pass this context as the first argument
* when calling other `*_r` functions. Contexts must only be used from a single
* thread at a time.
* \return a new GEOS context.
*
* \since 3.5
*/
extern GEOSContextHandle_t GEOS_DLL GEOS_init_r(void);

/**
* Free the memory associated with a \ref GEOSContextHandle_t
* when you are finished calling GEOS functions.
* \param handle to be freed
*
* \since 3.5
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOS_finish_r(GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/**
* Set the notice handler callback function for run-time notice messages.
* \param extHandle the context returned by \ref GEOS_init_r.
* \param nf the handler callback
* \return the previously configured message handler or NULL if no message handler was configured
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSMessageHandler GEOS_DLL GEOSContext_setNoticeHandler_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle,
    GEOSMessageHandler nf);

/**  */

/**
* Set the notice handler callback function for run-time error messages.
* \param extHandle the GEOS context from \ref GEOS_init_r
* \param ef the handler callback
* \return the previously configured message handler or NULL if no message handler was configured
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSMessageHandler GEOS_DLL GEOSContext_setErrorHandler_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle,
    GEOSMessageHandler ef);

/**
* Sets a notice message handler on the given GEOS context.
* \param extHandle the GEOS context from \ref GEOS_init_r
* \param nf the message handler
* \param userData optional user data pointer that will be passed to the message handler
* \return the previously configured message handler or NULL if no message handler was configured
*
* \since 3.5
*/
extern GEOSMessageHandler_r GEOS_DLL GEOSContext_setNoticeMessageHandler_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle,
    GEOSMessageHandler_r nf,
    void *userData);

/**
* Sets an error message handler on the given GEOS context.
*
* \param extHandle the GEOS context
* \param ef the message handler
* \param userData optional user data pointer that will be passed to the message handler
*
* \return the previously configured message handler or NULL if no message handler was configured
*
* \since 3.5
*/
extern GEOSMessageHandler_r GEOS_DLL GEOSContext_setErrorMessageHandler_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle,
    GEOSMessageHandler_r ef,
    void *userData);

/* ========== Coordinate Sequence functions ========== */

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_create */
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoordSeq_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    unsigned int size,
    unsigned int dims);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_copyFromBuffer */
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoordSeq_copyFromBuffer_r(
        GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
        const double* buf,
        unsigned int size,
        int hasZ,
        int hasM);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_copyFromArrays */
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoordSeq_copyFromArrays_r(
        GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
        const double* x,
        const double* y,
        const double* z,
        const double* m,
        unsigned int size);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_copyToBuffer */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_copyToBuffer_r(
        GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
        const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
        double* buf,
        int hasZ,
        int hasM);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_copyToArrays */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_copyToArrays_r(
        GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
        const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
        double* x,
        double* y,
        double* z,
        double* m);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_clone */
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoordSeq_clone_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_setX */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setX_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s, unsigned int idx,
    double val);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_setY */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setY_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s, unsigned int idx,
    double val);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_setZ */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setZ_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s, unsigned int idx,
    double val);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_setXY */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setXY_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s, unsigned int idx,
    double x, double y);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_setXYZ */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setXYZ_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s, unsigned int idx,
    double x, double y, double z);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_setOrdinate */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setOrdinate_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx,
    unsigned int dim, double val);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_getX */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getX_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double *val);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_getY */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getY_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double *val);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_getZ */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getZ_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double *val);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_getXY */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getXY_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx,
    double *x, double *y);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_getXYZ */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getXYZ_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx,
    double *x, double *y, double *z);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_getOrdinate */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getOrdinate_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx,
    unsigned int dim, double *val);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_getSize */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getSize_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int *size);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_getDimensions */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getDimensions_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int *dims);

/** \see GEOSCoordSeq_isCCW */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_isCCW_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    char* is_ccw);

/* ========= Linear referencing functions ========= */

/** \see GEOSProject */
extern double GEOS_DLL GEOSProject_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *line,
    const GEOSGeometry *point);

/** \see GEOSInterpolate */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSInterpolate_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *line,
    double d);

/** \see GEOSProjectNormalized */
extern double GEOS_DLL GEOSProjectNormalized_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    const GEOSGeometry *p);

/** \see GEOSInterpolateNormalized */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSInterpolateNormalized_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double d);

/* ========== Buffer related functions ========== */

/** \see GEOSBuffer */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBuffer_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double width, int quadsegs);

/**
* Cap styles control the ends of buffered lines.
* \see GEOSBuffer
*/
enum GEOSBufCapStyles {

    /** End is rounded, with end point of original line in the centre of the round cap. */
	GEOSBUF_CAP_ROUND = 1,

    /** End is flat, with end point of original line at the end of the buffer */
	GEOSBUF_CAP_FLAT = 2,

    /** End is flat, with end point of original line in the middle of a square enclosing that point */
	GEOSBUF_CAP_SQUARE = 3
};

/**
* Join styles control the buffer shape at bends in a line.
* \see GEOSBuffer
*/
enum GEOSBufJoinStyles {
    /**
    * Join is rounded, essentially each line is terminated
    * in a round cap. Form round corner.
    */
	GEOSBUF_JOIN_ROUND = 1,
    /**
    * Join is flat, with line between buffer edges,
    * through the join point. Forms flat corner.
    */
	GEOSBUF_JOIN_MITRE = 2,
    /**
    * Join is the point at which the two buffer edges intersect.
    * Forms sharp corner.
    */
	GEOSBUF_JOIN_BEVEL = 3
};

/** \see GEOSBufferParams_create */
extern GEOSBufferParams GEOS_DLL *GEOSBufferParams_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSBufferParams_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSBufferParams* parms);

/** \see GEOSBufferParams_setEndCapStyle */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setEndCapStyle_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    int style);

/** \see GEOSBufferParams_setJoinStyle */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setJoinStyle_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    int joinStyle);

/** \see GEOSBufferParams_setMitreLimit */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setMitreLimit_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    double mitreLimit);

/** \see GEOSBufferParams_setQuadrantSegments */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setQuadrantSegments_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    int quadSegs);

/** \see GEOSBufferParams_setSingleSided */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setSingleSided_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    int singleSided);

/** \see GEOSBufferWithParams */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBufferWithParams_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    const GEOSBufferParams* p,
    double width);

/** \see GEOSBufferWithStyle */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBufferWithStyle_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
	const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double width, int quadsegs, int endCapStyle,
	int joinStyle, double mitreLimit);

/** \see GEOSDensify */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSDensify_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
	const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

/** \see GEOSOffsetCurve */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSOffsetCurve_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
	const GEOSGeometry* g, double width, int quadsegs,
	int joinStyle, double mitreLimit);


/* ========= Geometry Constructors ========= */

/** \see GEOSGeom_createPoint */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createPoint_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createPointFromXY */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createPointFromXY_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    double x, double y);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createEmptyPoint */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createEmptyPoint_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createLinearRing */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createLinearRing_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createLineString */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createLineString_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createEmptyLineString */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createEmptyLineString_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createEmptyPolygon */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createEmptyPolygon_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createPolygon */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createPolygon_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeometry* shell,
    GEOSGeometry** holes,
    unsigned int nholes);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createCollection */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createCollection_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    int type,
    GEOSGeometry* *geoms,
    unsigned int ngeoms);

/** \see GEOSGeom_releaseCollection */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL ** GEOSGeom_releaseCollection_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeometry * collection,
    unsigned int * ngeoms);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createEmptyCollection */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createEmptyCollection_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle, int type);

/** \see GEOSGeom_createRectangle */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createRectangle_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    double xmin, double ymin,
    double xmax, double ymax);

/** \see GEOSGeom_clone */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_clone_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/* ========= Memory management ========= */

/** \see GEOSGeom_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeometry* g);

/* ========= Coverages ========= */

/** \see GEOSCoverageUnion */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *
GEOSCoverageUnion_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSCoverageIsValid */
extern int GEOS_DLL
GEOSCoverageIsValid_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle,
    const GEOSGeometry* input,
    double gapWidth,
    GEOSGeometry** output);

/** \see GEOSCoverageSimplifyVW */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *
GEOSCoverageSimplifyVW_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle,
    const GEOSGeometry* input,
    double tolerance,
    int preserveBoundary);

/* ========= Topology Operations ========= */

/** \see GEOSEnvelope */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSEnvelope_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSIntersection */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSIntersection_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSIntersectionPrec */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSIntersectionPrec_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double gridSize);

/** \see GEOSConvexHull */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSConvexHull_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSConcaveHull */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSConcaveHull_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double ratio,
    unsigned int allowHoles);

/** \see GEOSConcaveHullByLength */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSConcaveHullByLength_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double ratio,
    unsigned int allowHoles);

/** \see GEOSPolygonHullSimplify */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonHullSimplify_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    unsigned int isOuter,
    double vertexNumFraction);

/** \see GEOSPolygonHullSimplifyMode */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonHullSimplifyMode_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    unsigned int isOuter,
    unsigned int parameterMode,
    double parameter);

/** \see GEOSConcaveHullOfPolygons */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSConcaveHullOfPolygons_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double lengthRatio,
    unsigned int isTight,
    unsigned int isHolesAllowed);

/** \see GEOSMinimumRotatedRectangle */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMinimumRotatedRectangle_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSMaximumInscribedCircle */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMaximumInscribedCircle_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

/** \see GEOSLargestEmptyCircle */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSLargestEmptyCircle_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    const GEOSGeometry* boundary,
    double tolerance);

/** \see GEOSMinimumWidth */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMinimumWidth_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSMinimumClearanceLine */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMinimumClearanceLine_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSMinimumClearance */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSMinimumClearance_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* distance);

/** \see GEOSDifference */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSDifference_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSDifferencePrec */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSDifferencePrec_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double gridSize);

/** \see GEOSSymDifference */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSymDifference_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSSymDifferencePrec */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSymDifferencePrec_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double gridSize);

/** \see GEOSBoundary */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBoundary_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSUnion */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnion_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSUnionPrec */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnionPrec_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double gridSize);

/** \see GEOSUnaryUnion */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnaryUnion_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSUnaryUnionPrec */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnaryUnionPrec_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double gridSize);

/** \see GEOSDisjointSubsetUnion */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSDisjointSubsetUnion_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSPointOnSurface */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPointOnSurface_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGetCentroid */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGetCentroid_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSMinimumBoundingCircle */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMinimumBoundingCircle_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* radius,
    GEOSGeometry** center);

/** \see GEOSNode */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSNode_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSClipByRect */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSClipByRect_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double xmin, double ymin,
    double xmax, double ymax);

/** \see GEOSPolygonize */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonize_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *const geoms[],
    unsigned int ngeoms);

/** \see GEOSPolygonize_valid */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonize_valid_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *const geoms[],
    unsigned int ngems);

/** \see GEOSPolygonizer_getCutEdges */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonizer_getCutEdges_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry * const geoms[],
    unsigned int ngeoms);

/** \see GEOSPolygonize_full */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonize_full_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* input,
    GEOSGeometry** cuts,
    GEOSGeometry** dangles,
    GEOSGeometry** invalidRings);

/** \see GEOSBuildArea */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBuildArea_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSLineMerge */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSLineMerge_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSLineMergeDirected */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSLineMergeDirected_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSLineSubstring */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSLineSubstring_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double start_fraction,
    double end_fdraction);

/** \see GEOSReverse */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSReverse_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSSimplify */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSimplify_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

/** \see GEOSTopologyPreserveSimplify */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSTopologyPreserveSimplify_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g, double tolerance);

/** \see GEOSGeom_extractUniquePoints */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_extractUniquePoints_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSSharedPaths */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSharedPaths_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSSnap */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSnap_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double tolerance);

/** \see GEOSDelaunayTriangulation */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL * GEOSDelaunayTriangulation_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double tolerance,
    int onlyEdges);

/** \see GEOSConstrainedDelaunayTriangulation */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL * GEOSConstrainedDelaunayTriangulation_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g);

/** \see GEOSVoronoiDiagram */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL * GEOSVoronoiDiagram_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    const GEOSGeometry *env,
    double tolerance,
    int flags);

/** \see GEOSSegmentIntersection */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSSegmentIntersection_r(
       GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle,
       double ax0, double ay0,
       double ax1, double ay1,
       double bx0, double by0,
       double bx1, double by1,
       double* cx, double* cy);

/* ========= Binary predicates ========= */

/** \see GEOSDisjoint */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSDisjoint_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSTouches */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSTouches_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSIntersects */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSIntersects_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSCrosses */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSCrosses_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSWithin */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSWithin_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSContains */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSContains_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSOverlaps */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSOverlaps_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSEquals */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSEquals_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSEqualsExact */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSEqualsExact_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double tolerance);

/** \see GEOSEqualsIdentical */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSEqualsIdentical_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSCovers */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSCovers_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSCoveredBy */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSCoveredBy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/* ========= Prepared Geometry Binary Predicates ========== */

/** \see GEOSPrepare */
extern const GEOSPreparedGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPrepare_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSPreparedGeom_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedGeom_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSPreparedContains */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedContains_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedContainsXY */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedContainsXY_r(
        GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
        const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
        double x,
        double y);

/** \see GEOSPreparedContainsProperly */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedContainsProperly_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedCoveredBy */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedCoveredBy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedCovers */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedCovers_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedCrosses */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedCrosses_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedDisjoint */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedDisjoint_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedIntersects */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedIntersects_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedIntersectsXY */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedIntersectsXY_r(
        GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
        const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
        double x,
        double y);

/** \see GEOSPreparedOverlaps */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedOverlaps_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedTouches */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedTouches_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedWithin */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedWithin_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedNearestPoints */
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSPreparedNearestPoints_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSPreparedDistance */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedDistance_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2, double *dist);

/** \see GEOSPreparedDistanceWithin */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedDistanceWithin_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2, double dist);

/* ========== STRtree ========== */

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_create */
extern GEOSSTRtree GEOS_DLL *GEOSSTRtree_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    size_t nodeCapacity);

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_build */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_build_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSSTRtree *tree);

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_insert */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_insert_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    void *item);

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_query */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_query_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    GEOSQueryCallback callback,
    void *userdata);

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_nearest */
extern const GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSTRtree_nearest_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const GEOSGeometry* geom);

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_nearest_generic */
extern const void GEOS_DLL *GEOSSTRtree_nearest_generic_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const void* item,
    const GEOSGeometry* itemEnvelope,
    GEOSDistanceCallback distancefn,
    void* userdata);

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_iterate */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_iterate_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    GEOSQueryCallback callback,
    void *userdata);

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_remove */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_remove_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    void *item);

/** \see GEOSSTRtree_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSSTRtree *tree);


/* ========= Unary predicate ========= */

/** \see GEOSisEmpty */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisEmpty_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSisSimple */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisSimple_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSisRing */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisRing_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSHasZ */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSHasZ_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSHasM */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSHasM_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSisClosed */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisClosed_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g);

/* ========== Dimensionally Extended 9 Intersection Model ========== */

/**
* Controls the behavior of the result of GEOSRelate when returning
* DE9IM results for two geometries.
*/
enum GEOSRelateBoundaryNodeRules {
    /** See geos::algorithm::BoundaryNodeRule::getBoundaryRuleMod2() */
    GEOSRELATE_BNR_MOD2 = 1,
    /** Same as \ref GEOSRELATE_BNR_MOD2 */
    GEOSRELATE_BNR_OGC = 1,
    /** See geos::algorithm::BoundaryNodeRule::getBoundaryEndPoint() */
	GEOSRELATE_BNR_ENDPOINT = 2,
    /** See geos::algorithm::BoundaryNodeRule::getBoundaryMultivalentEndPoint() */
	GEOSRELATE_BNR_MULTIVALENT_ENDPOINT = 3,
    /** See geos::algorithm::BoundaryNodeRule::getBoundaryMonovalentEndPoint() */
	GEOSRELATE_BNR_MONOVALENT_ENDPOINT = 4
};

/** \see GEOSRelatePattern */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSRelatePattern_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    const char *pat);

/** \see GEOSRelate */
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSRelate_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSRelatePatternMatch */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSRelatePatternMatch_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const char *mat,
    const char *pat);

/** \see GEOSRelateBoundaryNodeRule */
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSRelateBoundaryNodeRule_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    int bnr);

/* ========= Validity checking ========= */

/** Change behaviour of validity testing in \ref GEOSisValidDetail */
enum GEOSValidFlags
{
    /** Allow self-touching rings to form a hole in a polygon. */
	GEOSVALID_ALLOW_SELFTOUCHING_RING_FORMING_HOLE = 1
};

/** \see GEOSisValid */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisValid_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSisValidReason */
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSisValidReason_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSisValidDetail */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisValidDetail_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    int flags,
    char** reason,
    GEOSGeometry** location);

/* ========== Make Valid ========== */

/**
* Algorithm to use when repairing invalid geometries.
*
* \see GEOSMakeValidWithParams
*/
enum GEOSMakeValidMethods {
    /** Original method, combines all rings into
        a set of noded lines and then extracts valid
        polygons from that linework. */
    GEOS_MAKE_VALID_LINEWORK = 0,
    /** Structured method, first makes all rings valid
        then merges shells and subtracts holes from
        shells to generate valid result. Assumes that
        holes and shells are correctly categorized. */
    GEOS_MAKE_VALID_STRUCTURE = 1
};

/** \see GEOSMakeValidParams_create */
extern GEOSMakeValidParams GEOS_DLL *GEOSMakeValidParams_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t extHandle);

/** \see GEOSMakeValidParams_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSMakeValidParams_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSMakeValidParams* parms);

/** \see GEOSMakeValidParams_setKeepCollapsed */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSMakeValidParams_setKeepCollapsed_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSMakeValidParams* p,
    int style);

/** \see GEOSMakeValidParams_setMethod */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSMakeValidParams_setMethod_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSMakeValidParams* p,
    enum GEOSMakeValidMethods method);

/** \see GEOSMakeValid */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMakeValid_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSMakeValidWithParams */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMakeValidWithParams_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    const GEOSMakeValidParams* makeValidParams);

/** \see GEOSRemoveRepeatedPoints */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSRemoveRepeatedPoints_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

/* ========== Geometry info ========== */

/** \see GEOSGeomType */
/* Return NULL on exception, result must be freed by caller. */
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomType_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGeomTypeId */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomTypeId_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGetSRID */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGetSRID_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSSetSRID */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSetSRID_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeometry* g, int SRID);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getUserData */
extern void GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_getUserData_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGeom_setUserData */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_setUserData_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeometry* g,
    void* userData);

/** \see GEOSGetNumGeometries */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGetNumGeometries_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGetGeometryN */
extern const GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGetGeometryN_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g, int n);

/** \see GEOSNormalize */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSNormalize_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSOrientPolygons */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSOrientPolygons_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeometry* g,
    int exteriorCW);

/**
* Controls the behavior of GEOSGeom_setPrecision()
* when altering the precision of a geometry.
*/
enum GEOSPrecisionRules {
    /** The output is always valid. Collapsed geometry elements (including both polygons and lines) are removed. */
    GEOS_PREC_VALID_OUTPUT = 0,
    /** Precision reduction is performed pointwise. Output geometry may be invalid due to collapse or self-intersection. (This might be better called "GEOS_PREC_POINTWISE" - the current name is historical.) */
    GEOS_PREC_NO_TOPO = 1,
    /** Like the default mode, except that collapsed linear geometry elements are preserved. Collapsed polygonal input elements are removed. */
    GEOS_PREC_KEEP_COLLAPSED = 2
};

/** \see GEOSGeom_setPrecision */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_setPrecision_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double gridSize,
    int flags);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getPrecision */
extern double GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getPrecision_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g);

/** \see GEOSGetNumInteriorRings */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGetNumInteriorRings_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetNumPoints */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetNumPoints_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetX */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetX_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double *x);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetY */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetY_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double *y);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetZ */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetZ_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double *z);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetM */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetM_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double *m);

/** \see GEOSGetInteriorRingN */
extern const GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGetInteriorRingN_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g, int n);

/** \see GEOSGetExteriorRing */
extern const GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGetExteriorRing_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGetNumCoordinates */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGetNumCoordinates_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getCoordSeq */
extern const GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_getCoordSeq_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getDimensions */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getDimensions_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getCoordinateDimension */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getCoordinateDimension_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getXMin */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getXMin_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* value);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getYMin */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getYMin_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* value);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getXMax */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getXMax_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* value);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getYMax */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getYMax_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* value);

/** \see GEOSGeom_getExtent */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getExtent_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* xmin,
    double* ymin,
    double* xmax,
    double* ymax);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetPointN */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomGetPointN_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    int n);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetStartPoint */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomGetStartPoint_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetEndPoint */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomGetEndPoint_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g);

/* ========= Misc functions ========= */

/** \see GEOSArea */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSArea_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double *area);

/** \see GEOSLength */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSLength_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double *length);

/** \see GEOSDistance */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSDistance_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double *dist);

/** \see GEOSDistanceWithin */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSDistanceWithin_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double dist);

/** \see GEOSDistanceIndexed */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSDistanceIndexed_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double *dist);

/** \see GEOSHausdorffDistance */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSHausdorffDistance_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g1,
    const GEOSGeometry *g2,
    double *dist);

/** \see GEOSHausdorffDistanceDensify */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSHausdorffDistanceDensify_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g1,
    const GEOSGeometry *g2,
    double densifyFrac, double *dist);

/** \see GEOSFrechetDistance */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSFrechetDistance_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g1,
    const GEOSGeometry *g2,
    double *dist);

/** \see GEOSFrechetDistanceDensify */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSFrechetDistanceDensify_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g1,
    const GEOSGeometry *g2,
    double densifyFrac,
    double *dist);


/** \see GEOSHilbertCode */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSHilbertCode_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *geom,
    const GEOSGeometry* extent,
    unsigned int level,
    unsigned int *code
);

/** \see GEOSGeomGetLength */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetLength_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double *length);

/** \see GEOSNearestPoints */
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSNearestPoints_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/** \see GEOSGeom_transformXY */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_transformXY_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    GEOSTransformXYCallback callback,
    void* userdata);

/* ========= Algorithms ========= */

/** \see GEOSOrientationIndex */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSOrientationIndex_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
	double Ax, double Ay,
    double Bx, double By,
    double Px, double Py);


/* ========== Reader and Writer APIs ========== */

#ifndef GEOSWKTReader

/**
* Reader object to read Well-Known Text (WKT) format and construct Geometry.
* \see GEOSWKTReader_create
* \see GEOSWKTReader_create_r
*/
typedef struct GEOSWKTReader_t GEOSWKTReader;

/**
* Writer object to turn Geometry into Well-Known Text (WKT).
* \see GEOSWKTWriter_create
* \see GEOSWKTWriter_create_r
*/
typedef struct GEOSWKTWriter_t GEOSWKTWriter;

/**
* Reader object to read Well-Known Binary (WKB) format and construct Geometry.
* \see GEOSWKBReader_create
* \see GEOSWKBReader_create_r
*/
typedef struct GEOSWKBReader_t GEOSWKBReader;

/**
* Writer object to turn Geometry into Well-Known Binary (WKB).
* \see GEOSWKBWriter_create
* \see GEOSWKBWriter_create_r
*/
typedef struct GEOSWKBWriter_t GEOSWKBWriter;

/**
* Reader object to read GeoJSON format and construct a Geometry.
* \see GEOSGeoJSONReader_create
* \see GEOSGeoJSONReader_create_r
*/
typedef struct GEOSGeoJSONReader_t GEOSGeoJSONReader;

/**
* Writer object to turn a Geometry into GeoJSON.
* \see GEOSGeoJSONReader_create
* \see GEOSGeoJSONReader_create_r
*/
typedef struct GEOSGeoJSONWriter_t GEOSGeoJSONWriter;

#endif

/* ========== WKT Reader ========== */

/** \see GEOSWKTReader_create */
extern GEOSWKTReader GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKTReader_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSWKTReader_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTReader_destroy_r(GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTReader* reader);

/** \see GEOSWKTReader_read */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKTReader_read_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTReader* reader,
    const char *wkt);

/** \see GEOSWKTReader_setFixStructure */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTReader_setFixStructure_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTReader *reader,
    char doFix);

/* ========== WKT Writer ========== */

/** \see GEOSWKTReader_create */
extern GEOSWKTWriter GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKTWriter_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSWKTWriter_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTWriter* writer);

/** \see GEOSWKTWriter_write */
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKTWriter_write_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTWriter* writer,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/** \see GEOSWKTWriter_setTrim */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_setTrim_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer,
    char trim);

/** \see GEOSWKTWriter_setRoundingPrecision */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_setRoundingPrecision_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer,
    int precision);

/** \see GEOSWKTWriter_setOutputDimension */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_setOutputDimension_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer,
    int dim);

/** \see GEOSWKTWriter_getOutputDimension */
extern int  GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_getOutputDimension_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer);

/** \see GEOSWKTWriter_setOld3D */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_setOld3D_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer,
    int useOld3D);

/** Print the shortest representation of a double. Non-zero absolute values
 * that are <1e-4 and >=1e+17 are formatted using scientific notation, and
 * other values are formatted with positional notation with precision used for
 * the max digits after decimal point.
 * \param d The number to format.
 * \param precision The desired precision.
 * \param result The buffer to write the result to, with a suggested size 28.
 * \return the length of the written string.
 */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_printDouble(
    double d,
    unsigned int precision,
    char *result
);

/* ========== WKB Reader ========== */

/** \see GEOSWKBReader_create */
extern GEOSWKBReader GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBReader_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSWKBReader_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBReader_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBReader* reader);

/** \see GEOSWKBReader_setFixStructure */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBReader_setFixStructure_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBReader *reader,
    char doFix);

/** \see GEOSWKBReader_read */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBReader_read_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBReader* reader,
    const unsigned char *wkb,
    size_t size);

/** \see GEOSWKBReader_readHEX */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBReader_readHEX_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBReader* reader,
    const unsigned char *hex,
    size_t size);


/* ========== WKB Writer ========== */

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_create */
extern GEOSWKBWriter GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBWriter_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_destroy_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_write */
extern unsigned char GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBWriter_write_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    size_t *size);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_writeHEX */
extern unsigned char GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBWriter_writeHEX_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    size_t *size);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_getOutputDimension */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_getOutputDimension_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_setOutputDimension */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_setOutputDimension_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer, int newDimension);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_getByteOrder */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_getByteOrder_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_setByteOrder */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_setByteOrder_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    int byteOrder);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_getFlavor */
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_getFlavor_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_setFlavor */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_setFlavor_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    int flavor);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_getIncludeSRID */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_getIncludeSRID_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/** \see GEOSWKBWriter_setIncludeSRID */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_setIncludeSRID_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer, const char writeSRID);

/* ========== GeoJSON Reader ========== */

/** \see GEOSGeoJSONReader_create */
extern GEOSGeoJSONReader GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeoJSONReader_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSGeoJSONReader_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSGeoJSONReader_destroy_r(GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeoJSONReader* reader);

/** \see GEOSGeoJSONReader_read */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeoJSONReader_readGeometry_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeoJSONReader* reader,
    const char *geojson);

/* ========== GeoJSON Writer ========== */

/** \see GEOSGeoJSONWriter_create */
extern GEOSGeoJSONWriter GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeoJSONWriter_create_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/** \see GEOSGeoJSONWriter_destroy */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSGeoJSONWriter_destroy_r(GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeoJSONWriter* writer);

/** \see GEOSGeoJSONWriter_writeGeometry */
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeoJSONWriter_writeGeometry_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    GEOSGeoJSONWriter* writer,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    int indent);

/** \see GEOSFree */
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSFree_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    void *buffer);

/**
* Returns the current GEOS version string. eg: "3.10.0"
* This function does not have a reentrant variant and is
* available if `GEOS_USE_ONLY_R_API` is defined.
* \return version string
* \since 2.2
*/
extern const char GEOS_DLL *GEOSversion(void);

/*
* External code to GEOS can define GEOS_USE_ONLY_R_API
* to strip the non-reentrant API functions from this header,
* leaving only the "_r" compatible variants.
*/
#ifndef GEOS_USE_ONLY_R_API

/* ========== Initialization, cleanup ================================= */
/** @name Library and Memory Management
* Functions to initialize and tear down the library,
* and deallocate memory.
*/
///@{

/**
* For non-reentrant code, set up an execution contact, and associate
* \ref GEOSMessageHandler functions with it, to pass error and notice
* messages back to the calling application.
* <pre>
* typedef void (*GEOSMessageHandler)(const char *fmt, ...);
* </pre>
*
* \param notice_function Handle notice messages
* \param error_function Handle error messages
* \since 2.2
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL initGEOS(
    GEOSMessageHandler notice_function,
    GEOSMessageHandler error_function);

/**
* For non-reentrant code, call when all GEOS operations are complete,
* cleans up global resources.
* \since 3.1
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL finishGEOS(void);

/**
* Free strings and byte buffers returned by functions such
* as GEOSWKBWriter_write(),
* GEOSWKBWriter_writeHEX() and GEOSWKTWriter_write(), etc.
* If passed a null pointer the function does nothing.

* \param buffer The memory to free (may be null)
* \since 3.1
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSFree(void *buffer);

///@}

/* ========= Coordinate Sequence functions ========= */
/** @name Coordinate Sequences
* A GEOSCoordSequence is an ordered list of coordinates.
* Coordinates are 2 (XY), 3 (XYZ or XYM), or 4 (XYZM) dimensional.
*/
///@{

/**
* Create a coordinate sequence.
* \param size number of coordinates in the sequence
* \param dims dimensionality of the coordinates (2, 3 or 4)
* \return the sequence or NULL on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoordSeq_create(unsigned int size, unsigned int dims);

/**
* Create a coordinate sequence by copying from an interleaved buffer of doubles (e.g., XYXY or XYZXYZ)
* \param buf pointer to buffer
* \param size number of coordinates in the sequence
* \param hasZ does buffer have Z values?
* \param hasM does buffer have M values?
* \return the sequence or NULL on exception
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoordSeq_copyFromBuffer(const double* buf, unsigned int size, int hasZ, int hasM);

/**
* Create a coordinate sequence by copying from arrays of doubles
* \param x array of x coordinates
* \param y array of y coordinates
* \param z array of z coordinates, or NULL
* \param m array of m coordinates, or NULL
* \param size length of each array
* \return the sequence or NULL on exception
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoordSeq_copyFromArrays(const double* x, const double* y, const double* z, const double* m, unsigned int size);

/**
* Copy the contents of a coordinate sequence to an interleaved buffer of doubles (e.g., XYXY or XYZXYZ)
* \param s sequence to copy
* \param buf buffer to which coordinates should be copied
* \param hasZ copy Z values to buffer?
* \param hasM copy M values to buffer?
* \return 1 on success, 0 on error
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_copyToBuffer(const GEOSCoordSequence* s, double* buf, int hasZ, int hasM);

/**
* Copy the contents of a coordinate sequence to arrays of doubles
* \param s sequence to copy
* \param x array to which x values should be copied
* \param y array to which y values should be copied
* \param z array to which z values should be copied, or NULL
* \param m array to which m values should be copied, or NULL
* \return 1 on success, 0 on error
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_copyToArrays(const GEOSCoordSequence* s, double* x, double* y, double* z, double* m);

/**
* Clone a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence to clone
* \return a copy of the coordinate sequence or NULL on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoordSeq_clone(const GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/**
* Destroy a coordinate sequence, freeing all memory.
* \param s the coordinate sequence to destroy
* \since 2.2
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_destroy(GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/**
* Set X ordinate values in a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param val the value to set the ordinate to
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setX(GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double val);
/**
* Set Y ordinate values in a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param val the value to set the ordinate to
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setY(GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double val);
/**
* Set Z ordinate values in a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param val the value to set the ordinate to
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setZ(GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double val);
/**
* Set X and Y ordinate values in a coordinate sequence simultaneously.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param x the value to set the X ordinate to
* \param y the value to set the Y ordinate to
* \return 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setXY(GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double x, double y);
/**
* Set X, Y and Z ordinate values in a coordinate sequence simultaneously.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param x the value to set the X ordinate to
* \param y the value to set the Y ordinate to
* \param z the value to set the Z ordinate to
* \return 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setXYZ(GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double x, double y, double z);
/**
* Set Nth ordinate value in a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param dim the dimension number of the ordinate to alter, zero based
* \param val the value to set the ordinate to
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_setOrdinate(GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, unsigned int dim, double val);

/**
* Read X ordinate values from a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param val pointer where ordinate value will be placed
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getX(const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double *val);

/**
* Read Y ordinate values from a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param val pointer where ordinate value will be placed
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getY(const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double *val);
/**
* Read Z ordinate values from a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param val pointer where ordinate value will be placed
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getZ(const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double *val);
/**
* Read X and Y ordinate values from a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param x pointer where ordinate X value will be placed
* \param y pointer where ordinate Y value will be placed
* \return 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getXY(const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double *x, double *y);
/**
* Read X and Y ordinate values from a coordinate sequence.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param x pointer where ordinate X value will be placed
* \param y pointer where ordinate Y value will be placed
* \param z pointer where ordinate Z value will be placed
* \return 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getXYZ(const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, double *x, double *y, double *z);
/**
* Read Nth ordinate value from a coordinate sequence.
* \param[in] s the coordinate sequence
* \param[in] idx the index of the coordinate to alter, zero based
* \param[in] dim the dimension number of the ordinate to read, zero based
* \param[out] val pointer where ordinate value will be placed
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getOrdinate(const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int idx, unsigned int dim, double *val);

/**
* Get size info from a coordinate sequence.
* \param[in] s the coordinate sequence
* \param[out] size pointer where size value will be placed
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getSize(
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int *size);

/**
* Get dimension info from a coordinate sequence.
* \param[in] s the coordinate sequence
* \param[out] dims pointer where dimension value will be placed
* \return 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_getDimensions(
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    unsigned int *dims);

/**
* Check orientation of a coordinate sequence. Closure of the sequence is
* assumed. Invalid (collapsed) or short (fewer than 4 points) sequences return false.
* \param s the coordinate sequence
* \param is_ccw pointer for ccw value, 1 if counter-clockwise orientation, 0 otherwise
* \return 0 on exception, 1 on success
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoordSeq_isCCW(
    const GEOSCoordSequence* s,
    char* is_ccw);

///@}

/* ========= Geometry Constructors ========= */
/** @name Geometry Constructors
* Functions for creating and destroying geometries.
* Created geometries must be freed with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*/
///@{

/**
* Creates a point geometry from a coordinate sequence.
* \param s Input coordinate sequence, ownership passes to the geometry
* \return A newly allocated point geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createPoint(GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/**
* Creates a point geometry from a pair of coordinates.
* \param x The X coordinate
* \param y The Y coordinate
* \return A newly allocated point geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createPointFromXY(double x, double y);

/**
* Creates an empty point.
* \return A newly allocated empty point geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createEmptyPoint(void);

/**
* Creates a linear ring geometry, for use in a polygon.
* \param s Input coordinate sequence, ownership passes to the geometry
* \return A newly allocated linear ring geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createLinearRing(GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/**
* Creates a linestring geometry.
* \param s Input coordinate sequence, ownership passes to the geometry
* \return A newly allocated linestring geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createLineString(GEOSCoordSequence* s);

/**
* Creates an emptylinestring geometry.
* \return A newly allocated linestring geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createEmptyLineString(void);

/**
* Creates an empty polygon geometry.
* \return A newly allocated empty polygon geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createEmptyPolygon(void);

/**
* Creates a polygon geometry from linear ring geometries.
* \param shell A linear ring that is the exterior ring of the polygon.
* \param holes An array of linear rings that are the holes.
* \param nholes The number of rings in the holes array.
* \return A newly allocated geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \note The holes argument is an array of GEOSGeometry* objects.
*       The caller **retains ownership** of the containing array,
*       but the ownership of the pointed-to objects is transferred
*       to the returned \ref GEOSGeometry.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createPolygon(
    GEOSGeometry* shell,
    GEOSGeometry** holes,
    unsigned int nholes);

/**
* Create a geometry collection.
* \param type The geometry type, enumerated by \ref GEOSGeomTypes
* \param geoms A list of geometries that will form the collection
* \param ngeoms The number of geometries in the geoms list
* \return A newly allocated geometry collection. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \note The geoms argument is an array of GEOSGeometry* objects.
*       The caller **retains ownership** of the containing array,
*       but the ownership of the pointed-to objects is transferred
*       to the returned \ref GEOSGeometry.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createCollection(
    int type,
    GEOSGeometry** geoms,
    unsigned int ngeoms);

/**
* Release the sub-geometries of a collection for management.
* by the caller. The input collection remains as an empty collection,
* that the caller is responsible for destroying. The output geometries
* are also the responsibility of the caller, as is the containing array,
* which must be freed with GEOSFree().
* \param collection The collection that will have its components released.
* \param ngeoms A pointer to a variable that will be filled with the
*        size of the output array.
* \return A newly allocated array of GEOSGeometry pointers.
* \note The caller is responsible for freeing the returned array
*       with GEOSFree() and all the elements with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*       If called with an empty collection, null will be returned
*       and ngeoms set to zero.
* \since 3.12
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL ** GEOSGeom_releaseCollection(
    GEOSGeometry * collection,
    unsigned int * ngeoms);

/**
* Create an empty geometry collection.
* \param type The geometry type, enumerated by \ref GEOSGeomTypes
* \return A newly allocated empty geometry collection. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createEmptyCollection(int type);

/**
* Create a rectangular polygon from bounding coordinates.
* Will return a point geometry if width and height are 0.
* \param xmin Left bound of envelope
* \param ymin Lower bound of envelope
* \param xmax Right bound of envelope
* \param ymax Upper bound of envelope
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_createRectangle(
    double xmin, double ymin,
    double xmax, double ymax);

/**
* Create a new copy of the input geometry.
* \param g The geometry to copy
* \return A newly allocated geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_clone(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Release the memory associated with a geometry.
* \param g The geometry to be destroyed.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_destroy(GEOSGeometry* g);

///@}

/* ========== Geometry info ========== */
/** @name Geometry Accessors
* Functions to provide information about geometries.
*/
///@{

/**
* Returns the geometry type string for this geometry.
* eg: "GeometryCollection", "LineString"
* \param g Input geometry
* \return A string with the geometry type.
* Caller must free with GEOSFree().
* NULL on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomType(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns the \ref GEOSGeomTypeId number for this geometry.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return The geometry type number, or -1 on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomTypeId(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns the "spatial reference id" (SRID) for this geometry.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return SRID number or 0 if unknown / not set.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGetSRID(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Return the anonymous "user data" for this geometry.
* User data must be managed by the caller, and is not freed when
* the geometry is destoryed.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return A void* to the user data, caller is responsible for
*         casting to the appropriate type.
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_getUserData(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns the number of sub-geometries immediately under a
* multi-geometry or collection or 1 for a simple geometry.
* For nested collections, remember to check if returned
* sub-geometries are **themselves** also collections.
* Empty collection or multi-geometry types return 0,
* and empty simple geometry types return 1.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return Number of direct children in this collection
* \warning For GEOS < 3.2 this function may crash when fed simple geometries
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGetNumGeometries(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns the specified sub-geometry of a collection. For
* a simple geometry, returns a pointer to the input.
* Returned object is a pointer to internal storage:
* it must NOT be destroyed directly.
* \param g Input geometry
* \param n Sub-geometry index, zero-based
* \return A const \ref GEOSGeometry, do not free!
          It will be freed when the parent is freed.
          Returns NULL on exception.
* \note Up to GEOS 3.2.0 the input geometry must be a Collection, in
*       later versions it doesn't matter (getGeometryN(0) for a single will
*       return the input).
* \since 2.2
*/
extern const GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGetGeometryN(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    int n);

/**
* Read the currently set precision value from the
* geometry and returns the grid size if it is a fixed
* precision or 0.0 if it is full floating point precision.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return The grid size, or -1 on exception
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern double GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getPrecision(const GEOSGeometry *g);

/**
* Returns the number of interior rings, for a Polygon input, or
* an exception otherwise.
* \param g Input Polygon geometry
* \return Number of interior rings, -1 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGetNumInteriorRings(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns the number of points, for a LineString input, or
* an exception otherwise.
* \param g Input LineString geometry
* \return Number of points, -1 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetNumPoints(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns the X coordinate, for a Point input, or an
* exception otherwise.
* \param[in] g Input Point geometry
* \param[out] x Pointer to hold return value
* \returns 1 on success, 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetX(const GEOSGeometry *g, double *x);

/**
* Returns the Y coordinate, for a Point input, or an
* exception otherwise.
* \param[in] g Input Point geometry
* \param[out] y Pointer to hold return value
* \returns 1 on success, 0 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetY(const GEOSGeometry *g, double *y);

/**
* Returns the Z coordinate, for a Point input, or an
* exception otherwise.
* \param[in] g Input Point geometry
* \param[out] z Pointer to hold return value
* \returns 1 on success, 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetZ(const GEOSGeometry *g, double *z);

/**
* Returns the M coordinate, for a Point input, or an
* exception otherwise.
* \param[in] g Input Point geometry
* \param[out] m Pointer to hold return value
* \returns 1 on success, 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetM(const GEOSGeometry *g, double *m);

/**
* Returns the N'th ring for a Polygon input.
* \note Returned object is a pointer to internal storage:
*       it must NOT be destroyed directly.
* \param g Input Polygon geometry
* \param n Index of the desired ring
* \return LinearRing geometry. Owned by parent geometry, do not free. NULL on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern const GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGetInteriorRingN(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    int n);

/**
* Get the external ring of a Polygon.
* \note Returned object is a pointer to internal storage:
*       it must NOT be destroyed directly.
* \param g Input Polygon geometry
* \return LinearRing geometry. Owned by parent geometry, do not free. NULL on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern const GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGetExteriorRing(
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Get the total number of points in a geometry,
* of any type.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return Number of points in the geometry. -1 on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGetNumCoordinates(
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Return the coordinate sequence underlying the
* given geometry (Must be a LineString, LinearRing or Point).
* Do not directly free the coordinate sequence, it is owned by
* the parent geometry.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return Coordinate sequence or NULL on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern const GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_getCoordSeq(
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Return the planar dimensionality of the geometry.
*
* - 0 for point, multipoint
* - 1 for linestring, multilinestring
* - 2 for polygon, multipolygon
*
* \see geos::geom::Dimension::DimensionType
* \param g Input geometry
* \return The dimensionality
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getDimensions(
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Return the cartesian dimension of the geometry.
*
* - 2 for XY data
* - 3 for XYZ data
*
* \param g Input geometry
* \return The dimension
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getCoordinateDimension(
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Finds the minimum X value in the geometry.
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[out] value Pointer to place result
* \return 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getXMin(const GEOSGeometry* g, double* value);

/**
* Finds the minimum Y value in the geometry.
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[out] value Pointer to place result
* \return 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getYMin(const GEOSGeometry* g, double* value);

/**
* Finds the maximum X value in the geometry.
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[out] value Pointer to place result
* \return 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getXMax(const GEOSGeometry* g, double* value);

/**
* Finds the maximum Y value in the geometry.
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[out] value Pointer to place result
* \return 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getYMax(const GEOSGeometry* g, double* value);

/**
* Finds the extent (minimum and maximum X and Y value) of the geometry.
* Raises an exception for empty geometry input.
*
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[out] xmin Pointer to place result for minimum X value
* \param[out] ymin Pointer to place result for minimum Y value
* \param[out] xmax Pointer to place result for maximum X value
* \param[out] ymax Pointer to place result for maximum Y value
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_getExtent(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* xmin,
    double* ymin,
    double* xmax,
    double* ymax);

/**
* Return the N'th point of a LineString
* \param g Input geometry, must be a LineString
* \param n Index of desired point (zero based)
* \return A Point geometry.
*         Caller must free with GEOSGeom_destroy()
*         NULL on exception.
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomGetPointN(const GEOSGeometry *g, int n);

/**
* Return the first point of a LineString
* \param g Input geometry, must be a LineString
* \return A Point geometry.
*         Caller must free with GEOSGeom_destroy()
*         NULL on exception.
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomGetStartPoint(const GEOSGeometry *g);

/**
* Return the last point of a LineString
* \param g Input geometry, must be a LineString
* \return A Point geometry.
*         Caller must free with GEOSGeom_destroy()
*         NULL on exception.
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomGetEndPoint(const GEOSGeometry *g);


/**
* Tests whether the input geometry is empty. If the geometry or any
* component is non-empty, the geometry is non-empty. An empty geometry
* has no boundary or interior.
* \param g The geometry to test
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisEmpty(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Tests whether the input geometry is a ring. Rings are
* linestrings, without self-intersections,
* with start and end point being identical.
* \param g The geometry to test
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisRing(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Tests whether the input geometry has Z coordinates.
* \param g The geometry to test
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSHasZ(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Tests whether the input geometry has M coordinates.
* \param g The geometry to test
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSHasM(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Tests whether the input geometry is closed.
* A closed geometry is a linestring or multilinestring
* with the start and end points being the same.
* \param g The geometry to test
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisClosed(const GEOSGeometry *g);

///@}

/* ==================================================================================== */
/** @name Geometry Mutators
* Functions to change geometry information or content.
*/
///@{

/**
* Set the "spatial reference id" (SRID) for this geometry.
* \param g Input geometry
* \param SRID SRID number or 0 for unknown SRID.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSetSRID(GEOSGeometry* g, int SRID);

/**
* Set the anonymous "user data" for this geometry.
* \param g Input geometry
* \param userData Void pointer to user data
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSGeom_setUserData(GEOSGeometry* g, void* userData);

/**
* Organize the elements, rings, and coordinate order
* of geometries in a consistent way,
* so that geometries that represent the same
* object can be easily compared.
* Modifies the geometry in-place.
*
* Normalization ensures the following:
* - Lines are oriented to have smallest coordinate first (apart from duplicate endpoints)
* - Rings start with their smallest coordinate
*   (using XY ordering)
* - Polygon shell rings are oriented CW, and holes CCW
* - Collection elements are sorted by their first coordinate
*
* Use before calling \ref GEOSEqualsExact to avoid false "not equal" results.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return 0 on success or -1 on exception
* \since 3.0
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSNormalize(GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Enforce a ring orientation on all polygonal elements in the input geometry.
* Non-polygonal geometries will not be modified.
*
* \param g Input geometry
* \param exteriorCW if 1, exterior rings will be clockwise and interior rings
*                         will be counter-clockwise
* \return 0 on success or -1 on exception
* \since 3.12
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSOrientPolygons(GEOSGeometry* g,
                                       int exteriorCW);

///@}

/* ========== Validity checking ============================================================ */
/** @name Validation
* Functions to check and create topological validity, simplicity
and geometric quality.
*/
///@{

/**
* Tests whether the input geometry is "simple". Mostly relevant for
* linestrings. A "simple" linestring has no self-intersections.
* \param g The geometry to test
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisSimple(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Check the validity of the provided geometry.
* - All points are valid.
* - All non-zero-length linestrings are valid.
* - Polygon rings must be non-self-intersecting, and interior rings
*   contained within exterior rings.
* - Multi-polygon components may not touch or overlap.
*
* \param g The geometry to test
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::operation::valid::isValidOp
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisValid(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Return the human readable reason a geometry is invalid,
* "Valid Geometry" string otherwise, or NULL on exception.
* \param g The geometry to test
* \return A string with the reason, NULL on exception.
*         Caller must GEOSFree() their result.
*
* \since 3.1
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSisValidReason(const GEOSGeometry *g);

/**
* In one step, calculate and return the validity, the
* human readable validity reason and a point at which validity
* rules are broken.
* Caller has the responsibility to destroy 'reason' with GEOSFree()
* and 'location' with GEOSGeom_destroy()
* \param g The geometry to test
* \param flags A value from the \ref GEOSValidFlags enum
* \param reason A pointer in which the reason string will be places
* \param location A pointer in which the location GEOSGeometry will be placed
* \return 1 when valid, 0 when invalid, 2 on exception
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSisValidDetail(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    int flags,
    char** reason,
    GEOSGeometry** location);

/**
* Repair an invalid geometry, returning a valid output.
* \param g The geometry to repair
* \return The repaired geometry. Caller must free with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMakeValid(
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Repair an invalid geometry, returning a valid output, using the
* indicated GEOSMakeValidMethods algorithm and options.
* \param g is the geometry to test.
* \param makeValidParams is a GEOSMakeValidParams with the desired parameters set on it.
* \return A repaired geometry. Caller must free with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see GEOSMakeValidParams_create
* \see GEOSMakeValidParams_destroy
* \see GEOSMakeValidParams_setMethod
* \see GEOSMakeValidParams_setKeepCollapsed
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMakeValidWithParams(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    const GEOSMakeValidParams *makeValidParams);

/**
* Create a GEOSMakeValidParams to hold the desired parameters
* to control the algorithm and behavior of the validation process.
* \return a parameter object
* \see GEOSMakeValidWithParams
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSMakeValidParams GEOS_DLL *GEOSMakeValidParams_create(void);

/**
* Destroy a GEOSMakeValidParams.
* \param parms the object to destroy
* \see GEOSMakeValidWithParams
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSMakeValidParams_destroy(GEOSMakeValidParams* parms);

/**
* Set the GEOSMakeValidMethods to use in making the geometry
* valid.
* \return 0 on exception, 1 on success.
* \see GEOSMakeValidWithParams
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSMakeValidParams_setMethod(
    GEOSMakeValidParams* p,
    enum GEOSMakeValidMethods method);

/**
* When this parameter is nn-zero, the GEOS_MAKE_VALID_STRUCTURE method will keep
* components that have collapsed into a lower dimensionality.
* For example, a ring collapsing to a line, or a line collapsing
* to a point.
* \return 0 on exception, 1 on success.
* \see GEOSMakeValidWithParams
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSMakeValidParams_setKeepCollapsed(
    GEOSMakeValidParams* p,
    int keepCollapsed);

/**
* Computes the minimum clearance of a geometry.  The minimum clearance is the smallest amount by which
* a vertex could be move to produce an invalid polygon, a non-simple linestring, or a multipoint with
* repeated points.  If a geometry has a minimum clearance of 'eps', it can be said that:
*
* -  No two distinct vertices in the geometry are separated by less than 'eps'
* -  No vertex is closer than 'eps' to a line segment of which it is not an endpoint.
*
* If the minimum clearance cannot be defined for a geometry (such as with a single point, or a multipoint
* whose points are identical, a value of Infinity will be calculated.
*
* \param g the input geometry
* \param d a double to which the result can be stored
* \return 0 if no exception occurred.
*         2 if an exception occurred.
* \see geos::precision::MinimumClearance
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSMinimumClearance(const GEOSGeometry* g, double* d);

/**
* Returns a LineString whose endpoints define the minimum clearance of a geometry.
* If the geometry has no minimum clearance, an empty LineString will be returned.
*
* \param g the input geometry
* \return a linestring geometry, or NULL if an exception occurred.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::precision::MinimumClearance
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMinimumClearanceLine(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Works from start of each coordinate sequence in the
* geometry, retaining points that are further away from the
* previous retained point than the tolerance value.
*
* Removing repeated points with a non-zero tolerance may
* result in an invalid geometry being returned. Be sure
* to check and repair validity.
*
* \return A geometry with all points within the tolerance of each other removed.
* \param g The geometry to filter
* \param tolerance Remove all points within this distance of each other. Use 0.0 to remove only exactly repeated points.
*
* \see GEOSMakeValidWithParams
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSRemoveRepeatedPoints(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

///@}

/* ========= Metric functions ================================================== */
/** @name Geometry Metrics
* Functions to compute geometry metrics.
*/
///@{

/**
* Calculate the area of a geometry.
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[out] area Pointer to be filled in with area result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSArea(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double *area);

/**
* Calculate the length of a geometry.
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[out] length Pointer to be filled in with length result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSLength(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double *length);

/**
* Calculate the length of a LineString.
* Only works for LineString inputs, returns exception otherwise.
*
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[out] length Pointer to be filled in with length result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSGeomGetLength(
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double *length);

///@}

/* ========== Distance functions ================================================ */
/** @name Distance
* Functions to compute distances between geometries
* using various distance metrics.
*/
///@{

/**
* Calculate the distance between two geometries.
* \param[in] g1 Input geometry
* \param[in] g2 Input geometry
* \param[out] dist Pointer to be filled in with distance result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \since 2.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSDistance(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double *dist);

/**
* Test whether the distance between two geometries is
* within the given dist.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \param dist The max distance
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSDistanceWithin(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double dist);

/**
* Calculate the distance between two geometries, using the
* indexed facet distance, which first indexes the geometries
* internally, then calculates the distance. Useful when one
* or both geometries is very large.
* \param[in] g1 Input geometry
* \param[in] g2 Input geometry
* \param[out] dist Pointer to be filled in with distance result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \see geos::operation::distance:;IndexedFacetDistance
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSDistanceIndexed(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double *dist);

/**
* The closest points of the two geometries.
* The first point comes from g1 geometry and the second point comes from g2.
*
* \param[in] g1 Input geometry
* \param[in] g2 Input geometry
* \return A coordinate sequence with the two points, or NULL on exception.
* Caller must free with GEOSCoordSeq_destroy().
*
* \since 3.5
*/
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSNearestPoints(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Calculate the Hausdorff distance between two geometries.
* [Hausdorff distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_distance)
* is the largest distance between two geometries.
* \param[in] g1 Input geometry
* \param[in] g2 Input geometry
* \param[out] dist Pointer to be filled in with distance result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \see geos::algorithm::distance::DiscreteHausdorffDistance
* \since 3.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSHausdorffDistance(
    const GEOSGeometry *g1,
    const GEOSGeometry *g2,
    double *dist);

/**
* Calculate a more precise Hausdorff distance between two geometries,
* by densifying the inputs before computation.
* [Hausdorff distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_distance)
* is the largest distance between two geometries.
* \param[in] g1 Input geometry
* \param[in] g2 Input geometry
* \param[in] densifyFrac The largest % of the overall line length that
*            any given two-point segment should be
* \param[out] dist Pointer to be filled in with distance result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \see geos::algorithm::distance::DiscreteHausdorffDistance
* \since 3.2
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSHausdorffDistanceDensify(
    const GEOSGeometry *g1,
    const GEOSGeometry *g2,
    double densifyFrac,
    double *dist);

/**
* Calculate the
* [Frechet distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_distance)
* between two geometries,
* a similarity measure for linear features.
* \param[in] g1 Input geometry
* \param[in] g2 Input geometry
* \param[out] dist Pointer to be filled in with distance result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \see geos::algorithm::distance::DiscreteFrechetDistance
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSFrechetDistance(
    const GEOSGeometry *g1,
    const GEOSGeometry *g2,
    double *dist);

/**
* Calculate the
* [Frechet distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_distance)
* between two geometries,
* a similarity measure for linear features.
* The inputs can be densified to provide a more accurate result.
* \param[in] g1 Input geometry
* \param[in] g2 Input geometry
* \param[in] densifyFrac The largest % of the overall line length that
*            any given two-point segment should be
* \param[out] dist Pointer to be filled in with distance result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
* \see geos::algorithm::distance::DiscreteFrechetDistance
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSFrechetDistanceDensify(
    const GEOSGeometry *g1,
    const GEOSGeometry *g2,
    double densifyFrac,
    double *dist);

///@}

/* ========== Linear referencing functions */
/** @name Linear Referencing
* Functions to operate on LineStrings using locations
* specified by distance along the line.
*/
///@{

/**
* Distance of point projected onto line from the start of the line.
* \param line linear target of projection
* \param point point to be projected onto 'g'
* \return distance along line that point projects to, -1 on exception
*
* \note Line parameter must be a LineString.
* \since 3.2
*/
extern double GEOS_DLL GEOSProject(const GEOSGeometry* line,
                                   const GEOSGeometry* point);

/**
* Measuring from start of line, return point that is distance
* the start. Line parameter must be a LineString.
* The returned point is not guaranteed to intersect the line due to limitations
* of floating point calculations.
* \param line linear target of projection
* \param d distance from start of line to created point
* \return The point \ref GEOSGeometry that is distance from the start of line.
* Caller takes ownership of returned geometry.
* \since 3.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSInterpolate(const GEOSGeometry* line,
                                              double d);

/**
* Project point to line and calculate the **proportion** of
* the line the point is from the start. For example, a point that
* projects to the middle of a line would be return 0.5.
* \param line linear target of projection
* \param point the point to project
* \return The proportion of the overall line length that the projected
* point falls at.
* \since 3.2
*/
extern double GEOS_DLL GEOSProjectNormalized(const GEOSGeometry* line,
                                             const GEOSGeometry* point);

/**
* Measuring from start of line, return point that is a proportion
* the start. Line parameter must be a LineString.
* \param line linear target of projection
* \param proportion The proportion from the start of line to created point
* \return The point \ref GEOSGeometry that is distance from the start of line.
* Caller takes ownership of returned geometry.
* \since 3.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSInterpolateNormalized(
    const GEOSGeometry *line,
    double proportion);

///@}

/* ========== Overlay functions ========== */
/** @name Overlay
* Functions for computing boolean set-theoretic
* values from overlay pairs of geometries.
*/
///@{

/**
* Returns the intersection of two geometries: the set of points
* that fall within **both** geometries.
* \param g1 one of the geometries
* \param g2 the other geometry
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the intersection. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSIntersection(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Returns the intersection of two geometries: the set of points
* that fall within **both** geometries. All the vertices of the output
* geometry must fall on the grid defined by the gridSize, and the
* output will be a valid geometry.
* \param g1 one of the geometries
* \param g2 the other geometry
* \param gridSize the cell size of the precision grid
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the intersection. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSIntersectionPrec(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2, double gridSize);

/**
* Returns the difference of two geometries A and B: the set of points
* that fall within A but **not** within B.
* \param ga the base geometry
* \param gb the geometry to subtract from it
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the difference. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSDifference(
    const GEOSGeometry* ga,
    const GEOSGeometry* gb);

/**
* Returns the difference of two geometries A and B: the set of points
* that fall within A but **not** within B.
* All the vertices of the output
* geometry must fall on the grid defined by the gridSize, and the
* output will be a valid geometry.
* \param ga one of the geometries
* \param gb the other geometry
* \param gridSize the cell size of the precision grid
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the difference. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSDifferencePrec(
    const GEOSGeometry* ga,
    const GEOSGeometry* gb,
    double gridSize);

/**
* Returns the symmetric difference of two geometries A and B: the set of points
* that fall in A but **not** within B and the set of points that fall in B but
* **not** in A.
* \param ga geometry A
* \param gb geometry B
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the symmetric difference. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSymDifference(
    const GEOSGeometry* ga,
    const GEOSGeometry* gb);

/**
* Returns the symmetric difference of two geometries A and B: the set of points
* that fall in A but **not** within B and the set of points that fall in B but
* **not** in A.
* All the vertices of the output
* geometry must fall on the grid defined by the gridSize, and the
* output will be a valid geometry.
* \param ga one of the geometries
* \param gb the other geometry
* \param gridSize the cell size of the precision grid
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the symmetric difference. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSymDifferencePrec(
    const GEOSGeometry* ga,
    const GEOSGeometry* gb,
    double gridSize);

/**
* Returns the union of two geometries A and B: the set of points
* that fall in A **or** within B.
* \param ga geometry A
* \param gb geometry B
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the union. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnion(
    const GEOSGeometry* ga,
    const GEOSGeometry* gb);

/**
* Returns the union of two geometries A and B: the set of points
* that fall in A **or** within B.
* All the vertices of the output
* geometry must fall on the grid defined by the gridSize, and the
* output will be a valid geometry.
* \param ga one of the geometries
* \param gb the other geometry
* \param gridSize the cell size of the precision grid
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the union. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnionPrec(
    const GEOSGeometry* ga,
    const GEOSGeometry* gb,
    double gridSize);

/**
* Returns the union of all components of a single geometry. Usually
* used to convert a collection into the smallest set of polygons
* that cover the same area.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the union. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnaryUnion(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns the union of all components of a single geometry. Usually
* used to convert a collection into the smallest set of polygons
* that cover the same area.
* All the vertices of the output
* geometry must fall on the grid defined by the gridSize, and the
* output will be a valid geometry.
* \param g input geometry
* \param gridSize the cell size of the precision grid
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the union. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnaryUnionPrec(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double gridSize);

/**
* Optimized union algorithm for inputs that can be divided into subsets
* that do not intersect. If there is only one such subset, performance
* can be expected to be worse than GEOSUnionaryUnion.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the union, or NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSDisjointSubsetUnion(const GEOSGeometry *g);

/**
* Intersection optimized for a rectangular clipping polygon.
* Supposed to be faster than using GEOSIntersection(). Not
* guaranteed to return valid results.
* \param g The input geometry to be clipped
* \param xmin Left bound of clipping rectangle
* \param ymin Lower bound of clipping rectangle
* \param xmax Right bound of clipping rectangle
* \param ymax Upper bound of clipping rectangle
* \return The clipped geometry or NULL on exception
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::intersection::RectangleIntersection
*
* \since 3.5
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSClipByRect(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double xmin, double ymin,
    double xmax, double ymax);

/**
* Find paths shared between the two given lineal geometries.
*
* Returns a GeometryCollection having two elements:
*
* - first element is a MultiLineString containing shared paths
*   having the _same_ direction on both inputs
* - second element is a MultiLineString containing shared paths
*   having the _opposite_ direction on the two inputs
*
* \param g1 An input geometry
* \param g2 An input geometry
* \return The shared paths
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::sharedpaths::SharedPathsOp
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSharedPaths(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

///@}

/* ========== Buffer related functions ========== */
/** @name Buffer and Offset Curves
* Functions for creating distance-based buffers and offset curves.
*/
///@{

/**
* Buffer a geometry.
* \param g The input geometry to be buffered.
* \param width The distance by which to expand the geometry (or contract)
*        if the value is negative.
* \param quadsegs The number of segments per quadrant to generate. More
*        segments provides a more "precise" buffer at the expense of size.
* \return A \ref GEOSGeometry of the buffered result.
* NULL on exception. Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBuffer(const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double width, int quadsegs);

/**
* Create a default GEOSBufferParams object for controlling the shape
* of buffered generated by \ref GEOSBuffer.
* \return A newly allocated GEOSBufferParams. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSBufferParams_destroy().
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSBufferParams GEOS_DLL *GEOSBufferParams_create(void);

/**
* Destroy a GEOSBufferParams and free all associated memory.
* \param parms The object to destroy.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_destroy(GEOSBufferParams* parms);

/**
* Set the end cap type of a GEOSBufferParams to the desired style,
* which must be one enumerated in \ref GEOSBufCapStyles.
* \return 0 on exception, 1 on success.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setEndCapStyle(
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    int style);

/**
* Set the join type of a GEOSBufferParams to the desired style,
* which must be one enumerated in \ref GEOSBufJoinStyles.
* \return 0 on exception, 1 on success.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setJoinStyle(
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    int joinStyle);

/**
* Set the mitre limit of a GEOSBufferParams to the desired size.
* For acute angles, a mitre join can extend very very far from
* the input geometry, which is probably not desired. The
* mitre limit places an upper bound on that.
* \param p The GEOSBufferParams to operate on
* \param mitreLimit The limit to set
* \return 0 on exception, 1 on success.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setMitreLimit(
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    double mitreLimit);

/**
* Set the number of segments to use to stroke each quadrant
* of circular arcs generated by the buffering process. More
* segments means a smoother output, but with larger size.
* \param p The GEOSBufferParams to operate on
* \param quadSegs Number of segments per quadrant
* \return 0 on exception, 1 on success.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setQuadrantSegments(
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    int quadSegs);

/**
* Sets whether the computed buffer should be single-sided.
* A single-sided buffer is constructed on only one side of each input line.
* \see geos::operation::buffer::BufferParameters::setSingleSided
* \param p The GEOSBufferParams to operate on
* \param singleSided Set to 1 for single-sided output 0 otherwise
* \return 0 on exception, 1 on success.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSBufferParams_setSingleSided(
    GEOSBufferParams* p,
    int singleSided);

/**
* Generates a buffer using the special parameters in the GEOSBufferParams
* \param g The geometry to buffer
* \param p The parameters to apply to the buffer process
* \param width The buffer distance
* \return The buffered geometry, or NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBufferWithParams(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    const GEOSBufferParams* p,
    double width);

/**
* Generate a buffer using the provided style parameters.
* \param g The geometry to buffer
* \param width Width of the buffer
* \param quadsegs Number of segments per quadrant
* \param endCapStyle See \ref GEOSBufCapStyles
* \param joinStyle See \ref GEOSBufJoinStyles
* \param mitreLimit See GEOSBufferParams_setMitreLimit
* \return The buffered geometry, or NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBufferWithStyle(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double width,
    int quadsegs,
    int endCapStyle,
    int joinStyle,
    double mitreLimit);

/**
* Generates offset curve line(s) for a geometry.
* Handles all geometry types as input.
*
* - For a LineString the result is a LineString.
* - For a Point the result is an empty LineString.
* - For a Polygon the result is the boundary lines(s) of the polygon buffered to the offset distance
*   (which may be a MultiLineString).
* - For a collection the result is a collection of the element offset curves.
* \param g The linear geometry to offset from
* \param width Distance to offset from the curve.
*        Negative for a right-side offset.
*        Positive for a left-side offset.
* \param quadsegs Number of segments per quadrant
* \param joinStyle See \ref GEOSBufJoinStyles
* \param mitreLimit See GEOSBufferParams_setMitreLimit
* \return The offset geometry. Returns NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::buffer::BufferBuilder::bufferLineSingleSided
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSOffsetCurve(const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double width, int quadsegs, int joinStyle, double mitreLimit);

///@}


/* ====================================================================== */
/** @name Coverages
* Functions to work with coverages represented by lists of polygons
* that exactly share edge geometry.
*/
///@{

/**
* Optimized union algorithm for polygonal inputs that are correctly
* noded and do not overlap. It may generate an error (return NULL)
* for inputs that do not satisfy this constraint, however this is not
* guaranteed.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A geometry that covers all the points of the input geometry.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSCoverageUnion(const GEOSGeometry *g);


/**
* Analyze a coverage (represented as a collection of polygonal geometry
* with exactly matching edge geometry) to find places where the
* assumption of exactly matching edges is not met.
*
* \param input The polygonal coverage to access,
*        stored in a geometry collection. All members must be POLYGON
*        or MULTIPOLYGON.
* \param gapWidth The maximum width of gaps to detect.
* \param invalidEdges When there are invalidities in the coverage,
*        this pointer
*        will be set with a geometry collection of the same length as
*        the input, with a MULTILINESTRING of the error edges for each
*        invalid polygon, or an EMPTY where the polygon is a valid
*        participant in the coverage. Pass NULL if you do not want
*        the invalid edges returned.
* \return A value of 1 for a valid coverage, 0 for invalid and 2 for
*         an exception or error. Invalidity includes polygons that overlap,
*         that have gaps smaller than the gapWidth, or non-polygonal
*         entries in the input collection.
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSCoverageIsValid(
    const GEOSGeometry* input,
    double gapWidth,
    GEOSGeometry** invalidEdges);

/**
* Operates on a coverage (represented as a list of polygonal geometry
* with exactly matching edge geometry) to apply a Visvalingam–Whyatt
* simplification to the edges, reducing complexity in proportion with
* the provided tolerance, while retaining a valid coverage (no edges
* will cross or touch after the simplification).
* Geometries never disappear, but they may be simplified down to just
* a triangle. Also, some invalid geoms (such as Polygons which have too
* few non-repeated points) will be returned unchanged.
* If the input dataset is not a valid coverage due to overlaps,
* it will still be simplified, but invalid topology such as crossing
* edges will still be invalid.
*
* \param input The polygonal coverage to access,
*        stored in a geometry collection. All members must be POLYGON
*        or MULTIPOLYGON.
* \param tolerance A tolerance parameter in linear units.
* \param preserveBoundary Use 1 to preserve the outside edges
*        of the coverage without simplification,
*        0 to allow them to be simplified.
* \return A collection containing the simplified geometries, or null
*         on error.
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL * GEOSCoverageSimplifyVW(
    const GEOSGeometry* input,
    double tolerance,
    int preserveBoundary);

///@}

/* ========== Construction Operations ========== */
/** @name Geometric Constructions
* Functions for computing geometric constructions.
*/
///@{

/**
* Returns minimum rectangular polygon or point that contains the geometry,
* or an empty point for empty inputs.
* \param g The geometry to calculate an envelope for
* \return A newly allocated polygonal envelope or point. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSEnvelope(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns the "boundary" of a geometry, as defined by the DE9IM:
*
* - the boundary of a polygon is the linear rings dividing the exterior
*   from the interior
* - the boundary of a linestring is the end points
* - the boundary of a point is the point
*
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the boundary. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBoundary(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns convex hull of a geometry. The smallest convex Geometry
* that contains all the points in the input Geometry
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the convex hull. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::overlayng::OverlayNG
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSConvexHull(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns a "concave hull" of a geometry. A concave hull is
* a polygon which contains all the
* points of the input, but is a better approximation than the convex hull
* to the area occupied by the input.
* Frequently used to convert a multi-point into a polygonal area.
* that contains all the points in the input Geometry.
*
* A set of points has a sequence of hulls of increasing concaveness,
* determined by a numeric target parameter.
* The concave hull is constructed by removing the longest outer edges
* of the Delaunay Triangulation of the space between the polygons,
* until the target criterion parameter is reached.
* This can be expressed as a ratio between the lengths of the longest and shortest edges.
* 1 produces the convex hull; 0 produces a hull with maximum concaveness
*
* \param g The input geometry
* \param ratio The edge length ratio value, between 0 and 1.
* \param allowHoles When non-zero, the polygonal output may contain holes.
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the concave hull. NULL on exception.
*
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \see geos::algorithm::hull::ConcaveHull
* \see GEOSConcaveHullByLength
* \see GEOSConcaveHullOfPolygons
* \see GEOSConvexHull
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSConcaveHull(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double ratio,
    unsigned int allowHoles);

/**
* Returns a "concave hull" of a geometry. A concave hull is
* a polygon which contains all the
* points of the input, but is a better approximation than the convex hull
* to the area occupied by the input.
* Frequently used to convert a multi-point into a polygonal area.
* that contains all the points in the input Geometry.
*
* A set of points has a sequence of hulls of increasing concaveness,
* determined by a numeric target parameter.
* The concave hull is constructed by removing the longest outer edges
* of the Delaunay Triangulation of the space between the polygons,
* until the specified maximm edge length is reached.
* A large value produces the convex hull, 0 produces the hull of maximim concaveness.
*
* \param g The input geometry
* \param length The maximum edge length (0 or greater)
* \param allowHoles When non-zero, the polygonal output may contain holes.
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the concave hull. NULL on exception.
*
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \see geos::algorithm::hull::ConcaveHull
* \see GEOSConcaveHull
* \see GEOSConcaveHullOfPolygons
* \see GEOSConvexHull
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSConcaveHullByLength(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double length,
    unsigned int allowHoles);

/**
* Constructs a concave hull of a set of polygons, respecting
* the polygons as constraints.
*
* A concave hull is a (possibly) non-convex polygon containing all the input polygons.
* The computed hull "fills the gap" between the polygons,
* and does not intersect their interior.
* A set of polygons has a sequence of hulls of increasing concaveness,
* determined by a numeric target parameter.
*
* The concave hull is constructed by removing the longest outer edges
* of the Delaunay Triangulation of the space between the polygons,
* until the target criterion parameter is reached.
* The "Maximum Edge Length" parameter limits the length of the longest edge between polygons to be no larger than this value.
* This can be expressed as a ratio between the lengths of the longest and shortest edges.
*
* The input polygons *must* be a *valid* MultiPolygon
* (i.e. they must be non-overlapping).
*
* \param g the valid MultiPolygon geometry to process
* \param lengthRatio specifies the Maximum Edge Length as a
*        fraction of the difference between the longest and
*        shortest edge lengths between the polygons.
*        This normalizes the Maximum Edge Length to be scale-free.
*        A value of 1 produces the convex hull; a value of 0 produces
*        the original polygons.
* \param isHolesAllowed is the concave hull allowed to contain holes?
* \param isTight does the hull follow the outer boundaries of the input polygons.
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the concave hull. NULL on exception.
*
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \see geos::algorithm::hull::ConcaveHullOfPolygons
* \see GEOSConcaveHull
* \see GEOSConvexHull
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSConcaveHullOfPolygons(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double lengthRatio,
    unsigned int isTight,
    unsigned int isHolesAllowed);

/**
* Computes a boundary-respecting hull of a polygonal geometry,
* with hull shape determined by a target parameter
* specifying the fraction of the input vertices retained in the result.
* Larger values produce less concave results.
* A value of 1 produces the convex hull; a value of 0 produces the original geometry.
* An outer hull is computed if the parameter is positive,
* an inner hull is computed if it is negative.
*
* \param g the polygonal geometry to process
* \param isOuter indicates whether to compute an outer or inner hull (1 for outer hull, 0 for inner)
* \param vertexNumFraction the target fraction of the count of input vertices to retain in result
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the concave hull. NULL on exception.
*
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::simplify::PolygonHullSimplifier
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonHullSimplify(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    unsigned int isOuter,
    double vertexNumFraction);


/**
* Controls the behavior of the GEOSPolygonHullSimplify parameter.
*/
enum GEOSPolygonHullParameterModes {
    /** Fraction of input vertices retained */
    GEOSHULL_PARAM_VERTEX_RATIO = 1,
    /** Ratio of simplified hull area to input area */
    GEOSHULL_PARAM_AREA_RATIO = 2
};

/**
* Computes a topology-preserving simplified hull of a polygonal geometry,
* with hull shape determined by the parameter, controlled by a parameter
* mode, which is one defined in \ref GEOSPolygonHullParameterModes.
* Larger values compute less concave results and a value of 0
* produces the original geometry.
* Either outer or inner hulls can be computed.
*
* \param g the polygonal geometry to process
* \param isOuter indicates whether to compute an outer or inner hull (1 for outer hull, 0 for inner)
* \param parameterMode the interpretation to apply to the parameter argument; see \ref GEOSPolygonHullParameterModes
* \param parameter the target ratio of area difference to original area
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the concave hull. NULL on exception.
*
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::simplify::PolygonHullSimplifier
* \see GEOSPolygonHullParameterModes
* \see GEOSPolygonHullSimplify
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonHullSimplifyMode(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    unsigned int isOuter,
    unsigned int parameterMode,
    double parameter);

/**
* Returns the minimum rotated rectangular POLYGON which encloses
* the input geometry. The rectangle has width equal to the
* minimum diameter, and a longer length. If the convex hill of
* the input is degenerate (a line or point) a linestring or point
* is returned. The minimum rotated rectangle can be used as an
* extremely generalized representation for the given geometry.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the rotated envelope. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMinimumRotatedRectangle(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Constructs the "maximum inscribed circle" (MIC) for a polygonal geometry,
* up to a specified tolerance.
* The MIC is determined by a point in the interior of the area
* which has the farthest distance from the area boundary, along with a boundary point at that distance.
* In the context of geography the center of the MIC is known as the
* "pole of inaccessibility". A cartographic use case is to determine a suitable point
* to place a map label within a polygon.
* The radius length of the MIC is a  measure of how "narrow" a polygon is. It is the
* distance at which the negative buffer becomes empty.
* The class supports polygons with holes and multipolygons.
* The implementation uses a successive-approximation technique over a grid of square cells covering the area geometry.
* The grid is refined using a branch-and-bound algorithm. Point containment and distance are computed in a performant
* way by using spatial indexes.
* Returns a two-point linestring, with one point at the center of the inscribed circle and the other
* on the boundary of the inscribed circle.
* \param g Input geometry
* \param tolerance Stop the algorithm when the search area is smaller than this tolerance
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the MIC. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::algorithm::construct::MaximumInscribedCircle
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMaximumInscribedCircle(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

/**
* Constructs the "largest empty circle" (LEC) for a set of obstacle geometries
* and within a polygonal boundary,
* with accuracy to to a specified distance tolerance.
* The obstacles may be any collection of points, lines and polygons.
* The LEC is the largest circle whose interior does not intersect with any obstacle.
* and which has its **center** inside the given boundary.
* If no boundary is provided, the
* convex hull of the obstacles is used.
* The LEC center is the point in the interior of the boundary which has the farthest distance from
* the obstacles (up to the given distance tolerance).
* The LEC is determined by the center point and a point indicating the circle radius
* (which will lie on an obstacle).
* \n
* To compute an LEC which lies **wholly** within a polygonal boundary,
* include the boundary of the polygon(s) as a linear obstacle.
* \n
* The implementation uses a successive-approximation technique over a grid of square cells covering the obstacles and boundary.
* The grid is refined using a branch-and-bound algorithm.  Point containment and distance are computed in a performant
* way by using spatial indexes.
* \n
* Returns the LEC radius as a two-point linestring, with the start point at the center of the inscribed circle and the end
* on the boundary of the circle.
*
* \param obstacles The geometries that the LEC must not cross
* \param boundary The area to contain the LEC center (may be null or empty)
* \param tolerance Stop the algorithm when the search area is smaller than this tolerance
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the LEC radius line. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::algorithm::construct::LargestEmptyCircle
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSLargestEmptyCircle(
    const GEOSGeometry* obstacles,
    const GEOSGeometry* boundary,
    double tolerance);

/**
* Returns a linestring geometry which represents the minimum diameter of the geometry.
* The minimum diameter is defined to be the width of the smallest band that
* contains the geometry, where a band is a strip of the plane defined
* by two parallel lines. This can be thought of as the smallest hole that the geometry
* can be moved through, with a single rotation.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A newly allocated geometry of the LEC. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::algorithm::MinimumDiameter
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMinimumWidth(const GEOSGeometry* g);


/**
* Returns a point that is inside the boundary of a polygonal geometry.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A point that is inside the input
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::algorithm::InteriorPointArea
*
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPointOnSurface(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns a point at the center of mass of the input.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return A point at the center of mass of the input
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::algorithm::Centroid
*
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGetCentroid(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Returns a geometry which represents the "minimum bounding circle",
* the smallest circle that contains the input.
* \param[in] g The input geometry
* \param[out] radius Pointer will be filled with output radius.
* \param[out] center Pointer will be filled with output circle center. Caller must free.
* \return The circle geometry or NULL on exception
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::algorithm::MinimumBoundingCircle::getCircle
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSMinimumBoundingCircle(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double* radius,
    GEOSGeometry** center);

/**
* Return a Delaunay triangulation of the vertices of the given geometry.
*
* \param g the input geometry whose vertices will be used as "sites"
* \param tolerance optional snapping tolerance to use for improved robustness
* \param onlyEdges if non-zero will return a MultiLineString, otherwise it will
*                  return a GeometryCollection containing triangular Polygons.
*
* \return A newly allocated geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.4
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL * GEOSDelaunayTriangulation(
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double tolerance,
    int onlyEdges);

/**
* Return a constrained Delaunay triangulation of the vertices of the
* given polygon(s).
* For non-polygonal inputs, returns an empty geometry collection.
*
* \param g the input geometry whose rings will be used as input
* \return A newly allocated geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL * GEOSConstrainedDelaunayTriangulation(
    const GEOSGeometry *g);

/** Change behaviour of \ref GEOSVoronoiDiagram */
enum GEOSVoronoiFlags
{
    /** Return only edges of the Voronoi cells, as a MultiLineString **/
    GEOS_VORONOI_ONLY_EDGES = 1,
    /** Preserve order of inputs, such that the nth cell in the result corresponds
     *  to the nth vertex in the input. If this cannot be done, such as for inputs
     *  that contain repeated points, \ref GEOSVoronoiDiagram will return NULL. **/
    GEOS_VORONOI_PRESERVE_ORDER = 2
};

/**
* Returns the Voronoi polygons or edges of the vertices of the given geometry.
*
* \param g the input geometry whose vertices will be used as sites.
* \param tolerance snapping tolerance to use for improved robustness. A
                   tolerance of 0.0 specifies that no snapping will take
                   place. This argument can be finicky and is known to cause
                   the algorithm to fail in several cases. If you're using
                   tolerance and getting a failure, try setting it to 0.0.
* \param flags A value from the \ref GEOSVoronoiFlags enum
* \param env clipping envelope for the returned diagram, automatically
*            determined if env is NULL.
*            The diagram will be clipped to the larger
*            of this envelope or an envelope surrounding the sites.
*
* \return A newly allocated geometry. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.5
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL * GEOSVoronoiDiagram(
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    const GEOSGeometry *env,
    double tolerance,
    int flags);

///@}

/* ============================================================== */
/** @name Noding and Polygonization
* Functions computing noding of lines, and forming noded lines into polygons.
*/
///@{

/**
* For linear inputs, returns a new geometry in which no lines cross
* each other, and all touching occurs at end points.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return The noded geometry or NULL on exception
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::noding::GeometryNoder::node
*
* \since 3.4
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSNode(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Polygonizes a set of Geometries which contain linework that
* represents the edges of a planar graph.
*
* All types of Geometry are accepted as input; the constituent
* linework is extracted as the edges to be polygonized.
*
* The edges must be correctly noded; that is, they must only meet
* at their endpoints and not overlap anywhere. If your edges are not
* already noded, run them through GEOSUnaryUnion() first.
* Polygonization will accept incorrectly noded
* input but will not form polygons from non-noded edges, and reports
* them as errors.
*
* The Polygonizer reports the following kinds of errors:
*
* - Dangles - edges which have one or both ends which are
*   not incident on another edge endpoint
* - Cut Edges - edges which are connected at both ends but
*   which do not form part of a polygon
* - Invalid Ring Lines - edges which form rings which are invalid
*   (e.g. the component lines contain a self-intersection)
*
* Errors are reported to output parameters "cuts", "dangles" and
* "invalid" (if not-null). Formed polygons are returned as a
* collection. NULL is returned on exception. All returned
* geometries must be destroyed by caller.
*
* The GEOSPolygonize_valid() variant allows extracting only polygons
* which form a valid polygonal result. The set of extracted polygons
* is guaranteed to be edge-disjoint. This is useful when it is known
* that the input lines form a valid polygonal geometry (which may
* include holes or nested polygons).
*
* \param geoms Array of linear geometries to polygons. Caller retains ownersihp of both array container and objects.
* \param ngeoms Size of the geoms array.
* \return The polygonal output geometry.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::polygonize::Polygonizer
*
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonize(
    const GEOSGeometry * const geoms[],
    unsigned int ngeoms);

/**
* Has the same polygonizing behavior as GEOSPolygonize(),
* but returns a result which is a valid polygonal geometry.
* The result will not contain any edge-adjacent elements.
*
* \param geoms Array of linear geometries to polygons. Caller retains ownersihp of both array container and objects.
* \param ngeoms Size of the geoms array.
* \return The polygonal output geometry.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::polygonize::Polygonizer
* \see GEOSBuildArea()
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonize_valid(
    const GEOSGeometry * const geoms[],
    unsigned int ngeoms);

/**
* Perform the polygonization as GEOSPolygonize() but return only the
* "cut edges", the linear features that are connected at both ends,
* do *not* participate in the final polygon.
*
* \param geoms Array of linear geometries to polygons. Caller retains ownersihp of both array container and objects.
* \param ngeoms Size of the geoms array.
* \return The "cut edges"
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::polygonize::Polygonizer
*
* \since 3.1
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonizer_getCutEdges(
    const GEOSGeometry * const geoms[],
    unsigned int ngeoms);

/**
* Perform the polygonization as GEOSPolygonize() and return the
* polygonal result as well as all extra ouputs.
*
* \param[in] input A single geometry with all the input lines to polygonize.
* \param[out] cuts Pointer to hold "cut edges", connected on both ends but not part of output. Caller must free.
* \param[out] dangles Pointer to hold "dangles", connected one end but not part of output. Caller must free.
* \param[out] invalid Pointer to hold invalid outputs, polygons formed but not valid. Caller must free.
* \return The polygonal valid output
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::polygonize::Polygonizer
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPolygonize_full(
    const GEOSGeometry* input,
    GEOSGeometry** cuts,
    GEOSGeometry** dangles,
    GEOSGeometry** invalid);

/**
* Perform a polygonization using all the linework, assuming that
* rings contained within rings are empty holes, rather then
* extra polygons.
* \param g The input linework
* \return The polygonal output
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::polygonize::BuildArea
*
* \since 3.8
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSBuildArea(const GEOSGeometry* g);

///@}

/* ============================================================== */
/** @name Processing
* Functions performing various geometric processes.
*/
///@{

/**
* Densifies a geometry using a given distance tolerance.
* Additional vertices will be added to every line segment
* that is greater this tolerance; these vertices will
* evenly subdivide that segment.
* Only linear components of input geometry are densified.
* \param g The geometry to densify
* \param tolerance the distance tolerance to densify
* \return The densified geometry, or NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSDensify(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

/**
* Merges a set of LineStrings,
* joining them at nodes which have cardinality 2.
* Lines may have their direction reversed.

* \param g The input linework
* \return The merged linework.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::linemerge::LineMerger
* \since 2.2
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSLineMerge(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Merges a set of LineStrings,
* joining them at nodes which have cardinality 2.
* and where the lines have the same direction.
* This means that lines do not have their direction reversed.

* \param g The input linework
* \return The merged linework.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::operation::linemerge::LineMerger
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSLineMergeDirected(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
 *  Computes the line which is the section of the input LineString starting and
 *  ending at the given length fractions.
 *  \param g The input LineString
 *  \param start_fraction start fraction (0-1) along the length of g
 *  \param end_fraction end fraction (0-1) along the length of g
 *  \return selected substring.
 *  Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy()
 *
 *  \since 3.12
 */
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSLineSubstring(
        const GEOSGeometry* g,
        double start_fraction,
        double end_fraction);

/**
* For geometries with coordinate sequences, reverses the order
* of the sequences. Converts CCW rings to CW. Reverses direction
* of LineStrings.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return The reversed geometry
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSReverse(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Apply the
* [Douglas/Peucker algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramer–Douglas–Peucker_algorithm)
* to the coordinate sequences of the input geometry.
* Removes "unnecessary" vertices, vertices
* that are co-linear within the tolerance distance.
* \param g The input geometry
* \param tolerance The tolerance to apply. Larger tolerance leads to simpler output.
* \return The simplified geometry
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::simplify::DouglasPeuckerSimplifier
*
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSimplify(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

/**
* Apply the
* [Douglas/Peucker algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramer–Douglas–Peucker_algorithm)
* to the coordinate sequences of the input geometry.
* Removes "unnecessary" vertices, vertices
* that are co-linear within the tolerance distance.
* Returns a valid output geometry, checking for collapses, ring-intersections, etc
* and attempting to avoid. More computationally expensive than GEOSSimplify()
* \param g The input geometry
* \param tolerance The tolerance to apply. Larger tolerance leads to simpler output.
* \return The simplified geometry
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
* \see geos::simplify::DouglasPeuckerSimplifier
*
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSTopologyPreserveSimplify(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double tolerance);

/**
* Return all distinct vertices of input geometry as a MultiPoint.
* Note that only 2 dimensions of the vertices are considered when
* testing for equality.
* \param g The input geometry
* \return The distinct points
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_extractUniquePoints(
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Calculate the
* [Hilbert code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_curve)
* of the centroid of a geometry relative to an extent.
* This allows sorting geometries in a deterministic way, such that similar Hilbert codes are
* likely to be near each other in two-dimensional space.
* The caller must ensure that the geometry is contained within the extent.
* \param[in] geom Input geometry, must be non-empty
* \param[in] extent Extent within which to calculate the Hilbert code for geom
* \param[in] level The level of precision of the Hilbert curve, up to 16
* \param[out] code Pointer to be filled in with Hilbert code result
* \return 1 on success, 0 on exception.
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSHilbertCode(
    const GEOSGeometry *geom,
    const GEOSGeometry* extent,
    unsigned int level,
    unsigned int *code
);

/**
* Apply XY coordinate transform callback to all coordinates in a copy of
* input geometry.  If the callback returns an error, returned geometry will be
* NULL.  Z values, if present, are not modified by this function.
* \param[in] g Input geometry
* \param[in] callback a function to be executed for each coordinate in the
                geometry.  The callback takes 3 parameters: x and y coordinate
                values to be updated and a void userdata pointer.
* \param userdata an optional pointer to pe passed to 'callback' as an argument
* \return a copy of the input geometry with transformed coordinates.
* Caller must free with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_transformXY(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    GEOSTransformXYCallback callback,
    void* userdata);

/**
* Snaps the vertices and segments of the first geometry to vertices of the
* second geometry within the given tolerance.
*
* Where possible, this operation tries to avoid creating invalid geometries;
* however, it does not guarantee that output geometries will be valid.  It is
* the responsibility of the caller to check for and handle invalid geometries.
*
* Because too much snapping can result in invalid
* topology being created, heuristics are used to determine the number and
* location of snapped vertices that are likely safe to snap. These heuristics
* may omit some potential snaps that are otherwise within the tolerance.
*
* \param input An input geometry
* \param snap_target A geometry to snap the input to
* \param tolerance Snapping tolerance
* \return The snapped verion of the input. NULL on exception.
* Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSGeom_destroy().
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSnap(
    const GEOSGeometry* input,
    const GEOSGeometry* snap_target,
    double tolerance);

/**
* Change the coordinate precision of a geometry. This will
* affect the precision of the existing geometry as well as
* any geometries derived from this geometry using overlay
* functions. The output will be a valid \ref GEOSGeometry.
*
* Note that operations will always be performed in the precision
* of the geometry with higher precision (smaller "gridSize").
* That same precision will be attached to the operation outputs.
*
* In the Default and GEOS_PREC_KEEP_COLLAPSED modes invalid input
* may cause an error to occur, unless the invalidity is below
* the scale of the requested precision
*
* There are only 3 modes. The GEOS_PREC_NO_TOPO mode
* takes precedence over GEOS_PREC_KEEP_COLLAPSED.
* So the combination GEOS_PREC_NO_TOPO || GEOS_PREC_KEEP_COLLAPSED
* has the same semantics as GEOS_PREC_NO_TOPO
*
* \param g Input geometry
* \param gridSize cell size of grid to round coordinates to,
*        or 0 for FLOATING precision
* \param flags The bitwise OR of members of the \ref GEOSPrecisionRules enum
* \return The precision reduced result.
*         Caller must free with GEOSGeom_destroy()
*         NULL on exception.
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeom_setPrecision(
	const GEOSGeometry *g,
    double gridSize,
    int flags);

///@}

/* ============================================================== */
/** @name Spatial Predicates
* Functions computing binary spatial predicates using the DE-9IM topology model.
*/
///@{

/**
* True if no point of either geometry touchess or is within the other.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::disjoint
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSDisjoint(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometries share boundaries at one or more points, but do
* not have interior overlaps.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::touches
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSTouches(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometries are not disjoint.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::intersects
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSIntersects(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometries interiors interact but their boundaries do not.
* Most useful for finding line crosses cases.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::crosses
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSCrosses(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometry g1 is completely within g2, and not
* touching the boundary of g2.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::within
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSWithin(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometry g2 is completely within g1.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::contains
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSContains(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometries share interiors but are neither
* within nor contained.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::overlaps
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSOverlaps(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometries cover the same space on the plane.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::equals
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSEquals(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometry g1 is completely within g2, including possibly
* touching the boundary of g2.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::covers
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSCovers(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* True if geometry g2 is completely within g1, including possibly
* touching the boundary of g1.
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::coveredBy
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSCoveredBy(const GEOSGeometry* g1, const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Determine pointwise equivalence of two geometries, by
* checking that they have identical structure
* and that each vertex of g2 is
* within the distance tolerance of the corresponding vertex in g1.
* Z and M values are ignored by GEOSEqualsExact, and this function may return true
* for inputs with different dimensionality.
* Unlike GEOSEquals(), geometries that are topologically equivalent but have different
* representations (e.g., LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1) and MULTILINESTRING ((0 0, 1 1)) ) are not
* considered equal by GEOSEqualsExact().
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \param tolerance Tolerance to determine vertex equality
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSNormalize()
* \since 3.0
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSEqualsExact(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double tolerance);

/**
 * Determine pointwise equivalence of two geometries by checking
 * that the structure, ordering, and values of all vertices are
 * identical in all dimensions. NaN values are considered to be
 * equal to other NaN values.
 *
* \param g1 Input geometry
* \param g2 Input geometry
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSEqualsIdentical(
        const GEOSGeometry* g1,
        const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Calculate the DE9IM pattern for this geometry pair
* and compare against the provided pattern to check for
* consistency. If the result and pattern are consistent
* return true. The pattern may include glob "*" characters
* for portions that are allowed to match any value.
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::relate
* \param g1 First geometry in pair
* \param g2 Second geometry in pair
* \param pat DE9IM pattern to check
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSRelatePattern(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    const char *pat);

/**
* Calculate and return the DE9IM pattern for this geometry pair.
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::relate
* \param g1 First geometry in pair
* \param g2 Second geometry in pair
* \return DE9IM string. Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSFree().
*         NULL on exception
* \since 2.2
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSRelate(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Compare two DE9IM patterns and return true if they
* are consistent.
* \param mat Complete DE9IM string (does not have "*")
* \param pat Pattern to match to (may contain "*")
* \return 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSRelatePatternMatch(
    const char *mat,
    const char *pat);

/**
* Calculate and return the DE9IM pattern for this geometry pair.
* Apply the supplied \ref GEOSRelateBoundaryNodeRules.
* \see geos::geom::Geometry::relate
* \see geos::algorithm::BoundaryNodeRule
* \param g1 First geometry in pair
* \param g2 Second geometry in pair
* \param bnr A member of the \ref GEOSRelateBoundaryNodeRules enum
* \return DE9IM string. Caller is responsible for freeing with GEOSFree().
*         NULL on exception
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSRelateBoundaryNodeRule(
    const GEOSGeometry* g1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    int bnr);

///@}

/* ========== Prepared Geometry Binary predicates ========== */

/** @name Prepared Geometry
* A \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry is a wrapper around \ref GEOSGeometry
* that includes spatial indexing on the edges of the geometry. This
* allows spatial predicates to evaluate much faster,
* so for cases in which the same base geometry will be used over and
* over again for predicate tests, wrapping it in a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry
* is a best practice.
*
* Prepared Geometry supports some binary spatial predicates and distance calculations.
*/
///@{

/**
* Create a Prepared Geometry.
* The caller retains ownership of the base geometry, and after
* processing is complete, must free **both** the prepared and the
* base geometry. (Ideally, destroy the prepared geometry first, as
* it has an internal reference to the base geometry.)
*
* \param g The base geometry to wrap in a prepared geometry.
* \return A prepared geometry. Caller is responsible for freeing with
*         GEOSPreparedGeom_destroy()
*
* \since 3.1
*/
extern const GEOSPreparedGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSPrepare(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Free the memory associated with a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry.
* Caller must separately free the base \ref GEOSGeometry used
* to create the prepared geometry.
* \param g Prepared geometry to destroy.
*
* \since 3.1
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedGeom_destroy(const GEOSPreparedGeometry* g);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry is contained.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSContains
*
* \since 3.1
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedContains(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided point is contained.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param x x coordinate of point to test
* \param y y coordinate of point to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSContains
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedContainsXY(
        const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
        double x,
        double y);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry is contained properly.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSContainsProperly
*
* \since 3.1
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedContainsProperly(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Using a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry is covered by.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSCoveredBy
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedCoveredBy(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Using a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry covers.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSCovers
*
* \since 3.1
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedCovers(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Using a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry crosses.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSCrosses
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedCrosses(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry is disjoint.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSDisjoint
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedDisjoint(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry intersects.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSIntersects
*
* \since 3.1
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedIntersects(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided point intersects.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param x x coordinate of point to test
* \param y y coordinate of point to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSIntersects
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedIntersectsXY(
        const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
        double x,
        double y);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry overlaps.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSOverlaps
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedOverlaps(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry touches.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSTouches
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedTouches(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation of whether the provided geometry is within.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns 1 on true, 0 on false, 2 on exception
* \see GEOSWithin
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedWithin(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation to find the nearest points between the
* prepared and provided geometry.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \returns A coordinate sequence containing the nearest points, or NULL on exception.
*          The first point in the sequence is from the prepared geometry, and the
*          seconds is from the other argument.
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern GEOSCoordSequence GEOS_DLL *GEOSPreparedNearestPoints(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation to find the distance between the
* prepared and provided geometry. Useful for situations where
* one geometry is large and static and needs to be tested
* against a large number of other geometries.
* \param[in] pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param[in] g2 The geometry to test
* \param[out] dist Pointer to store the result in
* \return 1 on success
*
* \since 3.9
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedDistance(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double *dist);

/**
* Use a \ref GEOSPreparedGeometry do a high performance
* calculation to find whether the prepared and provided geometry
* are within the given max distance.
* Useful for situations where
* one geometry is large and static and needs to be tested
* against a large number of other geometries.
* \param pg1 The prepared geometry
* \param g2 The geometry to test
* \param dist The max distance
* \return 1 on success
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSPreparedDistanceWithin(
    const GEOSPreparedGeometry* pg1,
    const GEOSGeometry* g2,
    double dist);

///@}

/* ========== STRtree functions ========== */
/** @name STRtree
* A \ref GEOSSTRtree is a R-tree spatial index structure for two dimensional data.
* It uses the [Sort-Tile-Recursive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-tree) packing algorithm.
*/
///@{

/**
* Create a new \ref GEOSSTRtree using the Sort-Tile-Recursive algorithm
* ([STRtree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-tree))
* for two-dimensional spatial data.
*
* \param nodeCapacity The maximum number of child nodes that a node may have.
*        The minimum recommended capacity value is 4.
*        If unsure, use a default node capacity of 10.
* \return a pointer to the created tree
*
* \since 3.2
*/
extern GEOSSTRtree GEOS_DLL *GEOSSTRtree_create(size_t nodeCapacity);

/**
* Construct an STRtree from items that have been inserted. Once constructed,
* no more items may be inserted into the tree. Functions that require a
* constructed tree will build it automatically, so there is no need to call
* `GEOSSTRtree_build` unless it is desired to explicity construct the tree
* in a certain section of code or using a certain thread.
*
* \return 1 on success, 0 on error
*
* \since 3.12
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_build(GEOSSTRtree *tree);

/**
* Insert an item into an \ref GEOSSTRtree
*
* \param tree the \ref GEOSSTRtree in which the item should be inserted
* \param g a GEOSGeometry whose envelope corresponds to the extent of 'item'. As of GEOS 3.9, this envelope will be
 *       copied into the tree and the caller may destroy `g` while the tree is still in use. Before GEOS 3.9, `g`
 *       must be retained until the tree is destroyed.
* \param item the item to insert into the tree
* \note The tree does **not** take ownership of the geometry or the item.
*
* \since 3.2
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_insert(
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    void *item);

/**
* Query a \ref GEOSSTRtree for items intersecting a specified envelope.
* The tree will automatically be constructed if necessary, after which
* no more items may be added.
*
* \param tree the \ref GEOSSTRtree to search
* \param g a GEOSGeomety from which a query envelope will be extracted
* \param callback a function to be executed for each item in the tree whose envelope intersects
*            the envelope of 'g'.  The callback function should take two parameters: a void
*            pointer representing the located item in the tree, and a void userdata pointer.
* \param userdata an optional pointer to pe passed to `callback` as an argument
*
* \since 3.2
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_query(
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    GEOSQueryCallback callback,
    void *userdata);

/**
* Returns the nearest item in the \ref GEOSSTRtree to the supplied geometry.
* All items in the tree MUST be of type \ref GEOSGeometry.
* If this is not the case, use GEOSSTRtree_nearest_generic() instead.
* The tree will automatically be constructed if necessary, after which
* no more items may be added.
*
* \param tree the \ref GEOSSTRtree to search
* \param geom the geometry with which the tree should be queried
* \return a const pointer to the nearest \ref GEOSGeometry in the tree to 'geom', or NULL in
*            case of exception
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern const GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSTRtree_nearest(
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const GEOSGeometry* geom);

/**
* Returns the nearest item in the \ref GEOSSTRtree to the supplied item
* The tree will automatically be constructed if necessary, after which
* no more items may be added.
*
* \param tree the STRtree to search
* \param item the item with which the tree should be queried
* \param itemEnvelope a GEOSGeometry having the bounding box of 'item'
* \param distancefn a function that can compute the distance between two items
*            in the STRtree.  The function should return zero in case of error,
*            and should store the computed distance to the location pointed to by
*            the `distance` argument.  The computed distance between two items
*            must not exceed the Cartesian distance between their envelopes.
* \param userdata optional pointer to arbitrary data; will be passed to `distancefn`
*            each time it is called.
* \return a const pointer to the nearest item in the tree to `item`, or NULL in
*            case of exception
*
* \since 3.6
*/
extern const void GEOS_DLL *GEOSSTRtree_nearest_generic(
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const void* item,
    const GEOSGeometry* itemEnvelope,
    GEOSDistanceCallback distancefn,
    void* userdata);

/**
* Iterate over all items in the \ref GEOSSTRtree.
* This will not cause the tree to be constructed.
*
* \param tree the STRtree over which to iterate
* \param callback a function to be executed for each item in the tree.
* \param userdata payload to pass the callback function.
*
* \since 3.2
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_iterate(
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    GEOSQueryCallback callback,
    void *userdata);

/**
 * Removes an item from the \ref GEOSSTRtree
 * The tree will automatically be constructed if necessary, after which
 * no more items may be added.
 *
 * \param tree the STRtree from which to remove an item
 * \param g the envelope of the item to remove
 * \param item the item to remove
 * \return 0 if the item was not removed;
 *         1 if the item was removed;
 *         2 if an exception occurred
 *
 * \since 3.2
 */
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_remove(
    GEOSSTRtree *tree,
    const GEOSGeometry *g,
    void *item);

/**
* Frees all the memory associated with a \ref GEOSSTRtree.
* Only the tree is freed. The geometries and items fed into
* GEOSSTRtree_insert() are not owned by the tree, and are
* still left to the caller to manage.
*
* \since 3.2
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSSTRtree_destroy(GEOSSTRtree *tree);

///@}

/* ========== Algorithms ====================================================== */
/** @name Geometric Algorithms
* Functions to compute basic geometric algorithms.
*/
///@{

/**
* Computes the coordinate where two line segments intersect, if any
*
* \param[in] ax0 x-coordinate of 1st point in 1st segment
* \param[in] ay0 y-coordinate of 1st point in 1st segment
* \param[in] ax1 x-coordinate of 2nd point in 1st segment
* \param[in] ay1 y-coordinate of 2nd point in 1st segment
* \param[in] bx0 x-coordinate of 1st point in 2nd segment
* \param[in] by0 y-coordinate of 1st point in 2nd segment
* \param[in] bx1 x-coordinate of 2nd point in 2nd segment
* \param[in] by1 y-coordinate of 2nd point in 2nd segment
* \param[out] cx x-coordinate of intersection point
* \param[out] cy y-coordinate of intersection point
*
* \return 0 on error, 1 on success, -1 if segments do not intersect
*
* \since 3.7
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSSegmentIntersection(
       double ax0, double ay0,
       double ax1, double ay1,
       double bx0, double by0,
       double bx1, double by1,
       double* cx, double* cy);

/**
* For the points formed by the six input ordinates,
* walking from A to B and then to P.
* \param Ax X coordinate of A
* \param Ay Y coordinate of A
* \param Bx X coordinate of B
* \param By Y coordinate of B
* \param Px X coordinate of P
* \param Py Y coordinate of P
* \return  -1 if reaching P takes a counter-clockwise (left) turn,
*           1 if reaching P takes a clockwise (right) turn,
*           0 if P is collinear with A-B
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSOrientationIndex(
    double Ax, double Ay,
    double Bx, double By,
    double Px, double Py);

///@}

/* ========= Reader and Writer APIs ========= */

/** @name WKT Reader and Writer
* Functions for doing WKT I/O.
*/
///@{
/* ========= WKT Reader ========= */

/**
* Allocate a new \ref GEOSWKTReader.
* \returns a new reader. Caller must free with GEOSWKTReader_destroy()
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSWKTReader GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKTReader_create(void);

/**
* Free the memory associated with a \ref GEOSWKTReader.
* \param reader The reader to destroy.
* \since 3.0
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTReader_destroy(GEOSWKTReader* reader);

/**
* Use a reader to parse the well-known text representation of
* a geometry, and return an allocated geometry.
* \param reader A WKT reader object, caller retains ownership
* \param wkt The WKT string to parse, caller retains ownership
* \return A \ref GEOSGeometry, caller to free with GEOSGeom_destroy())
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKTReader_read(
    GEOSWKTReader* reader,
    const char *wkt);

/**
* Set the reader to automatically repair structural errors
* in the input (currently just unclosed rings) while reading.
* \param reader A WKT reader object, caller retains ownership
* \param doFix Set to 1 to repair, 0 for no repair (default).
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTReader_setFixStructure(
    GEOSWKTReader *reader,
    char doFix);

/* ========= WKT Writer ========= */

/**
* Allocate a new \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \returns a new writer. Caller must free with GEOSWKTWriter_destroy()
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSWKTWriter GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKTWriter_create(void);

/**
* Free the memory associated with a \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \param writer The writer to destroy.
* \since 3.0
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_destroy(
    GEOSWKTWriter* writer);

/**
* Writes out the well-known text representation of a geometry,
* using the trim, rounding and dimension settings of the writer.
* \param writer A \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \param g Input geometry
* \return A newly allocated string containing the WKT output or NULL on exception.
* Caller must free with GEOSFree()
* \since 3.0
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKTWriter_write(
    GEOSWKTWriter* writer,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* Sets the number trimming option on a \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* With trim set to 1, the writer will strip trailing 0's from
* the output coordinates. With 1 (trimming enabled), big and small
* absolute coordinates will use scientific notation, otherwise
* positional notation is used; see \ref GEOS_printDouble for details.
* With 0 (trimming disabled), all coordinates will be
* padded with 0's out to the rounding precision.
* Default since GEOS 3.12 is with trim set to 1 for 'on'.
* \param writer A \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \param trim The trimming behaviour to set, 1 for 'on', 0 for 'off'
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_setTrim(
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer,
    char trim);

/**
* Sets the number places after the decimal to output in
* WKT.
* \param writer A \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \param precision The desired precision, default 16.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_setRoundingPrecision(
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer,
    int precision);

/**
* Set the output dimensionality of the writer. Either
* 2, 3, or 4 dimensions. Default since GEOS 3.12 is 4.
* \param writer A \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \param dim The dimensionality desired.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_setOutputDimension(
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer,
    int dim);

/**
* Reads the current output dimension from a \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \param writer A \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \return The current dimension.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern int  GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_getOutputDimension(GEOSWKTWriter *writer);

/**
* Sets the format for 3D outputs. The "old 3D" format does not
* include a Z dimension tag, e.g. "POINT (1 2 3)", except for XYM,
* e.g. "POINT M (1 2 3)". Geometries with XYZM coordinates do not add
* any dimensionality tags, e.g. "POINT (1 2 3 4)".
* \param writer A \ref GEOSWKTWriter.
* \param useOld3D True to use the old format, false is the default.
*
* \since 3.3
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKTWriter_setOld3D(
    GEOSWKTWriter *writer,
    int useOld3D);
///@}

/* ============================================================================== */
/** @name WKB Reader and Writer
* Functions for doing WKB I/O.
*/
///@{

/* ========== WKB Reader ========== */
/**
* Allocate a new \ref GEOSWKBReader.
* \returns a new reader. Caller must free with GEOSWKBReader_destroy()
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSWKBReader GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBReader_create(void);

/**
* Free the memory associated with a \ref GEOSWKBReader.
* \param reader The reader to destroy.
* \since 3.0
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBReader_destroy(
    GEOSWKBReader* reader);

/**
* Set the reader to automatically repair structural errors
* in the input (currently just unclosed rings) while reading.
* \param reader A WKB reader object, caller retains ownership
* \param doFix Set to 1 to repair, 0 for no repair (default).
*
* \since 3.11
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBReader_setFixStructure(
    GEOSWKBReader *reader,
    char doFix);

/**
* Read a geometry from a well-known binary buffer.
* \param reader A \ref GEOSWKBReader
* \param wkb A pointer to the buffer to read from
* \param size The number of bytes of data in the buffer
* \return A \ref GEOSGeometry built from the WKB, or NULL on exception.
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBReader_read(
    GEOSWKBReader* reader,
    const unsigned char *wkb,
    size_t size);

/**
* Read a geometry from a **hex encoded** well-known binary buffer.
* \param reader A \ref GEOSWKBReader
* \param hex A pointer to the buffer to read from
* \param size The number of bytes of data in the buffer
* \return A \ref GEOSGeometry built from the HEX WKB, or NULL on exception.
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBReader_readHEX(
    GEOSWKBReader* reader,
    const unsigned char *hex,
    size_t size);

/* ========== WKB Writer ========== */

/**
* Allocate a new \ref GEOSWKBWriter.
* \returns a new writer. Caller must free with GEOSWKBWriter_destroy()
* \since 3.0
*/
extern GEOSWKBWriter GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBWriter_create(void);

/**
* Free the memory associated with a \ref GEOSWKBWriter.
* \param writer The writer to destroy.
* \since 3.0
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_destroy(GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/**
* Write out the WKB representation of a geometry.
* \param writer The \ref GEOSWKBWriter controlling the
* writing.
* \param g Geometry to convert to WKB
* \param size Pointer to write the size of the final output WKB to
* \return The WKB representation. Caller must free with GEOSFree()
* \since 3.0
*/
extern unsigned char GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBWriter_write(
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    size_t *size);

/**
* Write out the **hex** WKB representation of a geometry.
* \param writer The \ref GEOSWKBWriter controlling the
* writing.
* \param g Geometry to convert to WKB
* \param size Pointer to write the size of the final output WKB to
* \return The HEX WKB representation. Caller must free with GEOSFree()
* \since 3.0
*/
extern unsigned char GEOS_DLL *GEOSWKBWriter_writeHEX(
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    size_t *size);

/**
* Read the current output dimension of the writer.
* Either 2, 3, or 4 dimensions.
* Return current number of dimensions.
* \param writer The writer to read from.
* \return Number of dimensions (2, 3, or 4)
* \since 3.0
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_getOutputDimension(
    const GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/**
* Set the output dimensionality of the writer. Either
* 2, 3, or 4 dimensions. Default since GEOS 3.12 is 4.
* \param writer The writer to read from.
* \param newDimension The dimensionality desired
* \since 3.0
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_setOutputDimension(
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    int newDimension);

/**
* Find whether the writer will use WKB
* [byte order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness)
* that is big or little endian.
* The return value is a member of \ref GEOSWKBByteOrders.
* \param writer The writer to read byte order from
* \return The current byte order
* \since 3.0
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_getByteOrder(
    const GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/**
* Set the output byte order of the writer, using
* a value from \ref GEOSWKBByteOrders enum.
* \param writer The writer to set byte order on
* \param byteOrder Desired byte order
* \since 3.0
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_setByteOrder(
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    int byteOrder);

/**
* Find whether the writer will use
* [WKB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_text_representation_of_geometry#Well-known_binary)
* that is ISO flavor or "extended" flavor. The flavor
* determines how extra dimensionality is encoded with the
* type number, and whether SRID can be included in the WKB.
* ISO flavor does not support SRID embedding. ISO flavor
* is "more standard" for 3D output. GEOS can read both flavors.
* The return value is a member of \ref GEOSWKBFlavors.
* \param writer The writer to read flavor from
* \return The current flavor
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_getFlavor(
    const GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/**
* Set the output flavor of the writer, using
* a value from \ref GEOSWKBFlavors enum.
* \param writer The writer to set flavor on
* \param flavor Desired flavor
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_setFlavor(
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    int flavor);

/**
* Read the current SRID embedding value from the writer.
* \param writer The writer to check SRID value on
* \since 3.0
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_getIncludeSRID(
    const GEOSWKBWriter* writer);

/**
* Specify whether SRID values should be output in WKB.
* Many WKB readers do not support SRID values, use with caution.
* \param writer The writer to set SRID output on
* \param writeSRID Set to 1 to include SRID, 0 otherwise
* \since 3.0
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSWKBWriter_setIncludeSRID(
    GEOSWKBWriter* writer,
    const char writeSRID);

///@}

/* ============================================================================= */
/** @name GeoJSON Reader and Writer
* Functions for doing GeoJSON I/O.
*/
///@{
/* ========= GeoJSON Reader ========= */

/**
* Allocate a new \ref GEOSGeoJSONReader.
* \returns a new reader. Caller must free with GEOSGeoJSONReader_destroy()
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSGeoJSONReader GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeoJSONReader_create(void);

/**
* Free the memory associated with a \ref GEOSGeoJSONReader.
* \param reader The reader to destroy.
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSGeoJSONReader_destroy(GEOSGeoJSONReader* reader);

/**
* Use a reader to parse a GeoJSON string. A single geometry or `Feature` is
* parsed as a geometry. A  `FeatureCollection` is parsed as a
* `GeometryCollection`. Feature properties are not read.
* \param reader A GeoJSON reader object, caller retains ownership
* \param geojson The json string to parse, caller retains ownership
* \return A \ref GEOSGeometry, caller to free with GEOSGeom_destroy())
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeoJSONReader_readGeometry(
    GEOSGeoJSONReader* reader,
    const char *geojson);

/* ========= GeoJSON Writer ========= */

/**
* Allocate a new \ref GEOSGeoJSONWriter.
* \returns a new writer. Caller must free with GEOSGeoJSONWriter_destroy()
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern GEOSGeoJSONWriter GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeoJSONWriter_create(void);

/**
* Free the memory associated with a \ref GEOSGeoJSONWriter.
* \param writer The writer to destroy.
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL GEOSGeoJSONWriter_destroy(GEOSGeoJSONWriter* writer);

/**
* Write out the GeoJSON representation of a geometry. Note that writing a GeoJSON
* Feature or FeatureCollection is unsupported through the GEOS C API.
* \param writer A GeoJSON reader object, caller retains ownership.
* \param g The geometry to convert, caller retains ownership.
* \param indent The indentation used. Use -1 for no formatting.
* \return A char pointer, caller to free with GEOSFree())
*
* \since 3.10
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeoJSONWriter_writeGeometry(
    GEOSGeoJSONWriter* writer,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    int indent);

///@}

#endif /* #ifndef GEOS_USE_ONLY_R_API */

/* ====================================================================== */
/* DEPRECATIONS */
/* ====================================================================== */

/** @name DEPRECATED
* Deprecated Functions.
* See description for replacement.
*/
///@{

/**
* \deprecated in 3.3.0, use GEOSOffsetCurve() instead
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSingleSidedBuffer(
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double width, int quadsegs,
    int joinStyle, double mitreLimit,
    int leftSide);

/**
* \deprecated in 3.3.0, use GEOSOffsetCurve() instead
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSSingleSidedBuffer_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    double width, int quadsegs,
    int joinStyle, double mitreLimit,
    int leftSide);

/**
* \deprecated in 3.5.0. Use GEOS_init_r() and set the message handlers using
* GEOSContext_setNoticeHandler_r() and/or GEOSContext_setErrorHandler_r()
*/
extern GEOSContextHandle_t GEOS_DLL initGEOS_r(
    GEOSMessageHandler notice_function,
    GEOSMessageHandler error_function);

/**
* \deprecated in 3.5.0, replaced by GEOS_finish_r()
*/
extern void GEOS_DLL finishGEOS_r(GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKTReader and GEOSWKTReader_read_r()
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomFromWKT_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const char *wkt);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKTWriter and GEOSWKTWriter_write_r()
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomToWKT_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_getOutputDimension_r()
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_getWKBOutputDims_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_setOutputDimension_r()
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_setWKBOutputDims_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    int newDims);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_getByteOrder_r()
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_getWKBByteOrder_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_setByteOrder_r()
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_setWKBByteOrder_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    int byteOrder);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBReader and GEOSWKBReader_read_r()
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomFromWKB_buf_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const unsigned char *wkb,
    size_t size);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_write_r()
*/
extern unsigned char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomToWKB_buf_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    size_t *size);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBReader and GEOSWKBReader_readHEX_r()
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomFromHEX_buf_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const unsigned char *hex,
    size_t size);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_writeHEX_r()
*/
extern unsigned char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomToHEX_buf_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g,
    size_t *size);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKTReader and GEOSWKTReader_read_r()
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomFromWKT(const char *wkt);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKTWriter and GEOSWKTWriter_write()
*/
extern char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomToWKT(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOS_getWKBOutputDims()
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_getWKBOutputDims(void);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOS_setWKBOutputDims()
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_setWKBOutputDims(int newDims);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_getByteOrder()
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_getWKBByteOrder(void);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_setByteOrder()
*/
extern int GEOS_DLL GEOS_setWKBByteOrder(int byteOrder);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBReader and GEOSWKBWriter_read()
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomFromWKB_buf(const unsigned char *wkb, size_t size);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_write()
*/
extern unsigned char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomToWKB_buf(const GEOSGeometry* g, size_t *size);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBReader and GEOSWKBWriter_readHEX()
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomFromHEX_buf(const unsigned char *hex, size_t size);

/**
* \deprecated use \ref GEOSWKBWriter and GEOSWKBWriter_writeHEX()
*/
extern unsigned char GEOS_DLL *GEOSGeomToHEX_buf(const GEOSGeometry* g, size_t *size);

/**
* \deprecated in 3.3.0: use GEOSUnaryUnion() instead
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnionCascaded(const GEOSGeometry* g);

/**
* \deprecated in 3.3.0: use GEOSUnaryUnion_r() instead
*/
extern GEOSGeometry GEOS_DLL *GEOSUnionCascaded_r(
    GEOSContextHandle_t handle,
    const GEOSGeometry* g);

///@}

/* ====================================================================== */
/* END DEPRECATIONS */
/* ====================================================================== */


#ifdef __cplusplus
} // extern "C"
#endif

#endif /* #ifndef GEOS_C_H_INCLUDED */
